Mesolithic Site Formation and Palaeoenvironment Along the White Nile (Central Sudan)

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Salvatori ◽  
Donatella Usai ◽  
Andrea Zerboni
Keyword(s):  
Site Formation ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
White Nile

Early Human Occupation at al-Jamrab (White Nile Region, Central Sudan): A Contribution to the Understanding of the MSA of Eastern Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enza Elena Spinapolice ◽  
Andrea Zerboni ◽  
Michael Meyer ◽  
Donatella Usai
Keyword(s):  
Middle Stone Age ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
White Nile

AbstractThe middle reaches of the Nile River play a key role in the current models about the diffusion of modern Humans out of Africa, nevertheless the Early and the Middle Stone Age (Early Palaeolithic and Middle Palaeolithic) in central Sudan are poorly known. On-going investigation at al-Jamrab (White Nile region) highlights the archaeological potential of the central Sudan and illustrates the importance of an integrated approach combining archaeological excavation and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction for understanding cultural site formation and post-depositional dynamics. The stratigraphic sequence at al-Jamrab includes a thick cultural layer rich in Early and Middle Stone Age artefacts, preserved in a deeply weathered palaeosol developed on fluvial sediments. The cultural layer includes a two-fold human occupation covering the Middle Stone Age, with Acheulean and Sangoan bifacial artefacts, although an Early Stone Age/Middle Stone Age transitional phase cannot be excluded. The artefact-bearing unit is attributed to the Upper Pleistocene based on preliminary OSL dating, the local palaeoenvironmental context, and strong pedogenetic weathering. Considering the paucity of archaeological data for the Pleistocene of Sudan and the importance of this region in the study of human dispersal out of Africa, this preliminary work on a new site and its associated stratigraphic context provides insights into the early peopling of Sudan and adds one more tessera to the Eastern Africa picture.

scholarly journals Molecular Evidence of High Proportion ofPlasmodium vivaxMalaria Infection in White Nile Area in Sudan

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makarim M. Adam Suliman ◽  
Bushra M. Hamad ◽  
Musab M. Ali Albasheer ◽  
Maytha Elhadi ◽  
Mutaz Amin Mustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
Malaria Species ◽  
White Nile ◽  
Species Specific

Plasmodium falciparumis a predominant malaria species that infects humans in the African continent. A recent WHO report estimated 95% and 5% ofP. falciparumandP. vivaxmalaria cases, respectively, in Sudan. However many laboratory reports from different areas in Sudan indicated otherwise. In order to verify, we selected four hundred suspected malaria cases from Aljabalain area located in the White Nile state, central Sudan, and diagnosed them with quality insured microscopy and species-specific nested PCR. Our results indicated that the proportion ofP. vivaxinfections among suspected malaria cases was high. We found that on average 20% and 36.5% of malaria infections in both study areas were caused byP. vivaxusing both microscopy and PCR, respectively. This change in pattern is likely due to the recent demographic changes and high rate of immigration from neighbouring countries in the recent years. This is the first extensive clinical study of its kind that shows rising trend inP. vivaxmalaria cases in White Nile area, Sudan.

Morphological Identification, Species Composition and Distribution of Mosquitoes in Kosti region, White Nile State, Central Sudan

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Mai M. Nour ◽  
Mariam Atta Elmannan Aboud ◽  
Nahla Osman Mohamed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
White Nile ◽  
Species Composition And Distribution ◽  
Vector Control Strategy

Mosquitoes are a large diverse group of insects, with members being most important as vectors of diseases. The correct identification of mosquitoes is crucial to the control of the mosquito-borne diseases. This study was designed to provide baseline data on the species composition and distribution of members of the Anophelines and Culicines genera in ten selected localities in Kosti region, White Nile State, Central Sudan. Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to select collection sites. Adult mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catch (PSC) from randomly selected houses in Allia, Alnsr, Alskahdeed, Almrabie, Alshati, Althwrat, Alraba, Block 26, Block 32 and Khadugli in Kosti region during September 2014-August 2015. The Anophelines and Culicines mosquitoes were identified using standard morphological keys. Two Anopheles species and three Culex species were morphologically identified. These were An. gambiae s.s.; An. pharoensis; Cx. quinquefasciatus; Cx. univittatus and Cx. pipiens. This is the first report of An. pharoensis in the study area. The Highest mosquito abundance was observed in the September followed by October, while the lowest mosquito abundance was in July. An. gambiae s.s and Cx. quinquefasciatus were the predominant species which has importance as they indicate the presence of Malaria and arboviral infections in the study areas; respectively. These findings are of importance in the planning and implementation of vector control strategy in the Kosti region, White Nile state.  

The Al Khiday Cemetery in Central Sudan and its “Classic/Late Meroitic” Period Graves

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Usai ◽  
Sandro Salvatori ◽  
Tina Jakob ◽  
Romain David
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
Archaeological Sample ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
White Nile ◽  
Political Economic

The first millennium BC in Sudan sees the birth of the Kushite (Napatan and then Meroitic) Kingdom. Royal cities, cemeteries and centres of religious power have attracted archaeologists and historians while peripheral areas have only rarely seen any systematic investigations. This lack of research provides difficulties in interpreting the limited evidence of the Napatan and Meroitic periods located on the White and Blue Niles and limits our comprehension of the role of this region within the political, economic and cultural framework of the kingdom. Recently, a multiphase cemetery was discovered at the site of Al Khiday 2, on the west bank of the White Nile, which was also used by a small group that is thought to be closely related to the Meroitic. The graves excavated have produced a bio-archaeological sample that is presented here with detailed descriptions of the funerary practices, including different types of grave structures, grave goods, burial position and orientation of the inhumations, as well as an overview of the anthropological analysis of this population. These findings are placed within the wider context of Meroitic studies by providing comparisons with contemporaneous sites, highlighting the possible elements of contiguity with that world, as well as providing some reflection on future research directions.

scholarly journals Evapotranspiration computed by Darcy’s Law: Sudan case study

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1787-1806 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. E. Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Darcy’S Law ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Porosity ◽  
Darcy's Law ◽  
Present System ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
White Nile ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. The present study applies Darcy's Law to compute evapotranspiration in the arid to semi-arid central Sudan. The average decline in groundwater level (s) along a distance (L) of the aquifer's cross section was calculated. Such decline is a function of discharge Q at any point across the unit width of the aquifer and effective porosity. Groundwater in the study area generally flows from NW to the SE along basin axial trough and is characterized by variable hydraulic gradient. As the aquifer discharge is directly proportional to the gradient, different values of groundwater level decline were calculated along the flow direction. The hydrogeological map constructed during this study indicates that the system is hydrologicaly closed and groundwater doesn't discharge in the neighboring White Nile River. Geological, hydrological and climatological settings of the discharge area demonstrate that evapotranspiration is the main mechanism of groundwater discharge and reveals that the area is suited for the application of Darcy's Law to compute evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration was estimated from Darcy's law to be 1.2 mm/a and is sufficient to balance the present system. Greater similarity in geology, hydrology, climate and vegetation encourages the application of Darcy's Law in the Sahara and sub-Sahara to compute for evapotranspiration. Such cost effective method can be applied in arid to semi-arid areas if conditions are favorable.

scholarly journals Ticks infesting animals in the Sudan and southern Sudan: Past and current status

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. ElGhali ◽  
Shawgi M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Nile Blue ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Southern Sudan ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
White Nile ◽  
South Kordofan ◽  
North And South ◽  
Eastern Sudan

In this review, we collate information about ticks identified in different parts of the Sudan and South Sudan since 1956 in order to identify gaps in tick prevalence and create a map of tick distribution. This will avail basic data for further research on ticks and policies for the control of tick-borne diseases. In this review, we discuss the situation in the Republic of South Sudan as well as Sudan. For this purpose we have divided Sudan into four regions, namely northern Sudan (Northern and River Nile states), central Sudan (Khartoum, Gazera, White Nile, Blue Nile and Sennar states), western Sudan (North and South Kordofan and North, South and West Darfour states) and eastern Sudan (Red Sea, Kassala and Gadarif states).

Late Quaternary environments and prehistoric occupation in the lower White Nile valley, central Sudan

2015 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 72-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A.J. Williams ◽  
Donatella Usai ◽  
Sandro Salvatori ◽  
Frances M. Williams ◽  
Andrea Zerboni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
White Nile

scholarly journals Preliminary survey of ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) on cattle in northern Sudan

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Salih ◽  
S.M. Hassan ◽  
A.M. El Hussein ◽  
F. Jongejan
Keyword(s):  
Tick Species ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
White Nile ◽  
Total Body

In a cross sectional survey conducted during the period June 2001 to July 2002, the geographical distribution of ticks on cattle in the Sudan was determined. Seventeen locations were surveyed from Northern, Central, Eastern, Western, Blue Nile and White Nile Provinces. Total body collections of ticks were made from 20 cattle at each location. Four tick genera and 11 species were identified. The tick species collected included Amblyomma lepidum, Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus sanguineus group and Rhipicephalus simus simus. Major ecological changes have occurred due to extensive animal movement, deforestation, desertification and establishment of large mechanized agricultural schemes. These factors have certainly affected the distribution of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the Sudan. The absence of A. variegatum and A. lepidum in northern Sudan was not surprising, since these tick species are known to survive in humid areas and not in the desert and semi-desert areas of northern Sudan. The absence of B. annulatus in northern and central Sudan is in accordance with the finding that this tick species is restricted to the southern parts of the central Sudan. The presence of H. anatolicum anatolicum in Um Benin in relatively high abundance is an interesting finding. The present finding may indicate that the southern limit of this species has changed and moved southwards to latitude 13o N. It is concluded that major changes in tick distribution have taken place in the Sudan

On the Occurrence in the Sudan of Locusta migratorioides, Rch. & Frm., and its associated Phases

1931 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Johnston ◽  
R. C. Maxwell-Darling
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
South West ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
White Nile

One of the most remarkable features of the locust season during the summer and autumn of 1930 in the Sudan was the unexpected and widespread occurrence of Locusta migratorioides, R. & F. Swarms, which laid eggs over a large extent of the country, entered from the west and south-west during July and August. There is no evidence of any of these swarms having been produced within the Sudan, and the place of origin of all the early swarms was without doubt situated outside its boundaries. There is evidence that breeding continued later in the southern portions of the country, particularly in the upper reaches of the White Nile (N. Lat. 5°), and movements of swarms were reported during the winter, but no reliable observations were made on the nature or extent of these activities. Only one brood was produced in the northern and central Sudan (probably north of N. Lat. 11°), and by October all locusts bred in these parts had either migrated away in swarms or had scattered. Migration took place in the case of the gregarious phase produced by large bands of hoppers. Where, however, bands of hoppers had been broken up by poisoning, or in cases where the bands were very small, the adults did not migrate. The absence of further breeding in the northern Sudan must be connected with the absence of winter rains and suitable vegetation.

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