“Tell Juliana”: Acceptability of the Candidate Microbicide VivaGel® and Two Placebo Gels Among Ethnically Diverse, Sexually Active Young Women Participating in a Phase 1 Microbicide Study

Abstract Background The use of modern contraception has increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, the extent to which changes have occurred across the wealth spectrum among adolescents is not well known. We examine poor-rich gaps in demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (DFPSm) among sexually active adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) using data from national household surveys. Methods We used recent Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys to describe levels of wealth-related inequalities in DFPSm among sexually active AGYW using an asset index as an indicator of wealth. Further, we used data from countries with more than one survey conducted from 2000 to assess DFPSm trends. We fitted linear models to estimate annual average rate of change (AARC) by country. We fitted random effects regression models to estimate regional AARC in DFPSm. All analysis were stratified by marital status. Results Overall, there was significant wealth-related disparities in DFPSm in West Africa only (17.8 percentage points (pp)) among married AGYW. The disparities were significant in 5 out of 10 countries in Eastern, 2 out of 6 in Central, and 7 out of 12 in West among married AGYW and in 2 out of 6 in Central and 2 out of 9 in West Africa among unmarried AGYW. Overall, DFPSm among married AGYW increased over time in both poorest (AARC = 1.6%, p < 0.001) and richest (AARC = 1.4%, p < 0.001) households and among unmarried AGYW from poorest households (AARC = 0.8%, p = 0.045). DPFSm increased over time among married and unmarried AGYW from poorest households in Eastern (AARC = 2.4%, p < 0.001) and Southern sub-regions (AARC = 2.1%, p = 0.030) respectively. Rwanda and Liberia had the largest increases in DPFSm among married AGYW from poorest (AARC = 5.2%, p < 0.001) and richest (AARC = 5.3%, p < 0.001) households respectively. There were decreasing DFPSm trends among both married (AARC = − 1.7%, p < 0.001) and unmarried (AARC = − 4.7%, p < 0.001) AGYW from poorest households in Mozambique. Conclusion Despite rapid improvements in DFPSm among married AGYW from the poorest households in many SSA countries there have been only modest reductions in wealth-related inequalities. Significant inequalities remain, especially among married AGYW. DFPSm stalled in most sub-regions among unmarried AGYW.

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2009 Cervical Cytology Guidelines and Chlamydia Testing Among Sexually Active Young Women

Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1097/aog.0b013e3181f91442 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 116 (6) ◽

pp. 1319-1323 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Guoyu Tao ◽

Karen W. Hoover ◽

Charlotte K. Kent

Keyword(s):

Young Women ◽

Cervical Cytology ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Chlamydia Testing

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Masturbation Among Sexually Active Young Women in Croatia: Associations with Religiosity and Pornography Use

International Journal of Sexual Health ◽

10.1080/19317611.2011.611220 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 248-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Valerio Baćak a ◽

Aleksandar Štulhofer

Keyword(s):

Young Women ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Pornography Use

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Risk Factors for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in 6810 Young Women Attending Family Planning Clinics

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/095646249200300208 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 117-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Kristina Ramstedt ◽

Lars Forssman ◽

Johan Giesecke ◽

Fredrik Granath

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Young Women ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Screening Criteria ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of ◽

Culture Positive

Screening programmes are important for the control of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection, a disease spread mainly by asymptomatic carriers. Risk factors for Ct infection were assessed in 6810 consecutive asymptomatic young women seeking contraceptive advice. All women filled in a questionnaire and were offered Ct testing. Of the 5785 who consented to testing, 425 (7.3%) were Ct culture positive. Four variables were significantly related to increased risk of being infected: age 18–23 years, duration of present relationship < 1 year, non-use of condoms, and a history of not having had a previous genital infection. It is not possible to devise screening criteria that would effectively identify women at high risk. Therefore a screening programme should be targeted at all sexually active young people. However, if after some years the programme succeeds in lowering general Ct prevalence, these factors may be important when selecting patients for Ct testing.

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Staphylococcus saprophyticus Proteomic Analyses Elucidate Differences in the Protein Repertories among Clinical Strains Related to Virulence and Persistence

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9010069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 69 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Karla Christina Sousa Silva ◽

Lana O’Hara Souza Silva ◽

Guilherme Algusto Alves Silva ◽

Clayton Luiz Borges ◽

Evandro Novaes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Young Women ◽

Host Cells ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Proteomic Profile ◽

Lower Content ◽

Skin Microbiota ◽

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus ◽

Tract Infections ◽

First Time

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive and coagulase negative cocci that composes the skin microbiota and can act as an opportunistic agent causing urinary tract infections, being more frequent in sexually active young women. The ability of a pathogen to cause infection in the host is associated to its ability to adhere to host cells and to survive host immune defenses. In this work, we presented the comparative proteomic profile of three S. saprophyticus strains. It was possible to characterize differences in the proteome content, specially related to expression of virulence factors. We compiled this data and previous data and we detected one strain (9325) possessing higher production and secretion of proteins related to virulence. Our results show that phenotypic, genotypic, and proteomic differences reflect in the ability to survive during interaction with host cells, since the 9325 strain presented a higher survival rate after macrophage interaction. In counterpart, the 7108 strain that possesses lower content of proteins related to virulence presented higher ability to form biofilm suggesting that this strain can be better adapted to persist in the host and in the environment. Our work describes, for the first time, proteomic flexibility among S. saprophyticus strains, reflecting in virulence and persistence.

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