Effect of treatments on skin microbiota in patients with atopic dermatitis: a protocol for systematic review

IntroductionAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease and skin microbiota dysbiosis shows an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Effects of treatment on skin microbiota for patients with AD have been evaluated in recent years; however, the results remained controversial across studies. This systematic review will summarise studies evaluating the effect of treatments on skin microbiota among patients with AD.Methods and analysisWe will search PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry in November 2021; other data sources will also be considered, including searching specific authors and screening references cited in the enrolled articles. Interventional studies, which enrolled patients with AD receiving treatments and reported treatment-related skin microbiota changes, will be included. Our primary outcomes include skin microbiota diversity and treatment-related differential microbes; the secondary outcomes include microbiota functions and microbial interactions. Risk of bias assessment will be performed using Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials, risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions and methodological index for non-randomised studies. Two researchers will independently perform study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment, with disagreements resolved by group discussions. Subgroup analyses will be performed according to different types of treatment for AD.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required for this systematic review. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication or conference proceedings.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021246566.

The relevance of topical drugs endaural use in otosurgical practice

Introduction. Preoperative, in particular, antiseptic, preparation of the external auditory canal (EAC) is an important issue for the otosurgeon to take in mind, especially with endaural approach.The aim of the study is to assess the skin microbiota of the EAC and the effectiveness of antiseptic treatment before endaural intervention.Materials and methods. A prospective study including 19 patients who underwent ear surgery by endaural approach: 10 stapedoplasty; 9 tympanoplasty. Ear swabs culture were taken from all the patients preoperatively and after removing the tamponade. Of the 10 patients with otosclerosis, 5 underwent skin preparation with 10% povidone iodine and a swab culture.Results. According to the microbiological examination results, Staphulacoccus Auricularis prevailed in the first smear - 52.6%. In 5 patients with otosclerosis, in comparison to the 1st swab: one case with absence of microorganisms growth, in the other 4 -decrease in the degree of contamination by half. In the 3rd swab, there was no growth in these patients and in the rest, who didn't undergo antiseptic preparation. Patients, without antiseptic preparation of the ear canal, after tympanoplasty (9 patients) in the second smear, had an increase of contamination (from 105 to 106 CFU/ml).Conclusions. Analysis of the microbiome before and after the operation revealed the growth of predominantly (94.7%) opportunistic microorganisms. Preoperative antiseptic preparation reduces the degree of contamination of the skin, which, in our opinion, prevents complications and improves the healing process.

Skin Microbiota Content in Children and its Effect on Acne Pathogenesis

Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease in adolescence. The involvement of cosmetically important zones inevitably leads to decrease in our patients' quality of life. This review considers modern methods of skin microbiota analysis, describes the microorganisms' composition in newborns and its changes during growing-up. Cutibacterium acnes (that dominates in the microbiota of skin areas with sebaceous glands) role in acne pathogenesis is described.

Skin Mycobiota of the Captive Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the Distribution of Opportunistic Dermatomycosis-Associated Fungi in Different Seasons

Dermatomycosis is the second major cause of morbidity in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), and seriously endangers its health. Previous observations indicated that the occurrence of dermatomycosis in the giant panda varies in different seasons. The skin microbiota is a complex ecosystem, but knowledge on the community structure and the pathogenic potentials of fungi on the skin of the giant panda remains limited. In this study, samples from the giant panda skin in different seasons were collected, and the mycobiota were profiled by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. In total, 375 genera in 38 phyla were detected, with Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Streptophyta, and Chlorophyta as the predominant phyla and Trichosporon, Guehomyces, Davidiella, Chlorella, Asterotremella, and Klebsormidium as the predominant genera. The skin mycobiota of the giant panda changed in the seasons, and the diversity and abundance of the skin fungi were significantly higher in spring, autumn, and summer than in the winter. Several dermatomycosis-associated fungi were detected as opportunists in the skin mycobiota of healthy giant pandas. Clinical dermatomycosis in the giant panda is observed more in summer and autumn. In this study, the results indicated that the high diversity and abundance of the skin fungi may have enhanced the occurrence of dermatomycosis in autumn and summer, and that dermatomycosis-associated fungi are the normal components of the skin mycobiota.

Interplay Between Skin Microbiota Dysbiosis and the Host Immune System in Psoriasis: Potential Pathogenesis

Psoriasis is a multifactorial immune-mediated disease. The highly effective and eligible treatment for psoriasis is limited, for its specific pathogenesis is incompletely elucidated. Skin microbiota is a research hotspot in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory skin diseases nowadays, and it may have significant involvement in the provocation or exacerbation of psoriasis with broadly applicable prospects. It is postulated that skin microbiota alternation may interplay with innate immunity such as antimicrobial peptides and Toll-like receptors to stimulate T-cell populations, resulting in immune cascade responses and ultimately psoriasis. Achieving a thorough understanding of its underlying pathogenesis is crucial. Herein, we discuss the potential immunopathogenesis of psoriasis from the aspect of skin microbiota in an attempt to yield insights for novel therapeutic and preventive modalities for psoriasis.

Mother’s Milk Microbiome Shaping Fecal and Skin Microbiota in Infants with Food Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis: A Pilot Analysis

The child microbiome, including gut and skin communities, is shaped by a multitude of factors, and breastfeeding is one of the most essential. Food allergy (FA) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are among the most common diseases in pediatrics, with the prevalence of each up to 6% and 20%, respectively. Therefore, we aimed at finding differences between the fecal and skin microbiomes of FA and AD patients in the context of breastfeeding, by means of the Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragment libraries amplified from the total DNA isolated from samples collected from allergic and healthy infants. We also analyzed milk samples from the mothers of the examined children and searched for patterns of incidence suggesting milk influence on an infant’s allergy status. Here we show that a mother’s milk influences her child’s fecal and skin microbiomes and identify Acinetobacter as the taxon whose abundance is correlated with milk and child-derived samples. We demonstrate that breastfeeding makes allergic children's fecal and skin communities more similar to those of healthy infants than in the case of formula-feeding. We also identify signature taxa that might be important in maintaining health or allergy development.