scholarly journals Introduced populations of the garden lupine are adapted to local generalist snails but have lost alkaloid diversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aino Kalske ◽  
Niko Luntamo ◽  
Juha-Pekka Salminen ◽  
Satu Ramula
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Lupinus Polyphyllus ◽  
Leaf Trichomes ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Leaf Alkaloids

AbstractIntraspecific variation in growth and defence among plant populations can be driven by differences in (a)biotic conditions, such as herbivory and resources. Introduction of species to novel environments affects simultaneously herbivory encountered by a plant and resource availability both directly and via altered competitive environment. Here, we address the question of how growth (leaf mass per area (LMA), plant size) and resistance traits (leaf alkaloids, leaf trichomes, resistance to a generalist snail) vary and covary between native and introduced populations of the garden lupine, Lupinus polyphyllus. We focused specifically on evolved differences among populations by measuring traits from plants grown from seed in a common environment. Plants from the introduced populations were more resistant against the generalist snail, Arianta arbustorum, and they had more leaf trichomes and higher LMA than plants from the native populations. The composition of alkaloids differed between native and introduced populations, with the native populations having more diversity in alkaloids among them. Resistance was positively associated with plant size and LMA across all populations. Other trait associations differed between native and introduced areas, implying that certain trade-offs may be fundamentally different between native and introduced populations. Our results suggest that, for the introduced populations, the loss of native herbivores and the alterations in resource availability have led to a lower diversity in leaf alkaloids among populations and may facilitate the evolution of novel trait optima without compensatory trade-offs. Such phytochemical similarity among introduced populations provides novel insights into mechanisms promoting successful plant invasions.

scholarly journals Root flavonoids are related to enhanced AMF colonization of an invasive tree

AoB Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingchun Pei ◽  
Evan Siemann ◽  
Baoliang Tian ◽  
Jianqing Ding
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Invasive Tree

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important mutualistic microbes in soil, which have capacity to form mutualistic associations with most land plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in plant invasions and their interactions with invasive plants have received increasing attention. However, the chemical mechanisms underlying the interactions of AMF and invasive plants are still poorly understood. In this study we aim to test whether root secondary chemicals are related to enhanced AMF colonization and rapid growth in an invasive tree. We conducted a common garden experiment in China with Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) to examine the relationships among AMF colonization and secondary metabolites in roots of plants from introduced (USA) and native (China) populations. We found that AMF colonization rate was higher in introduced populations compared to native populations. Roots of plants from introduced populations had lower levels of phenolics and tannins, but higher levels of flavonoids than those of plants from native populations. Flavonoids were positively correlated with AMF colonization, and this relationship was especially strong for introduced populations. Besides, AMF colonization was positively correlated with plant biomass suggesting that higher root flavonoids and AMF colonization may impact plant performance. This suggests that higher root flavonoids in plants from introduced populations may promote AMF spore germination and/or attract hyphae to their roots, which may subsequently increase plant growth. Overall, our results support a scenario in which invasive plants enhance their AMF association and invasion success via genetic changes in their root flavonoid metabolism. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant invasion success and the evolutionary interactions between plants and AMF. Understanding such mechanisms of invasive plant success is critical for predicting and managing plant invasions in addition to providing important insights into the chemical mechanism of AMF–plant interactions.

scholarly journals The role of host promiscuity in the invasion process of a seaweed holobiont

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Bonthond ◽  
Till Bayer ◽  
Stacy A. Krueger-Hadfield ◽  
Nadja Stärck ◽  
Gaoge Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Invasion Process ◽  
Microbial Succession ◽  
Invasive Seaweed ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Different Populations

AbstractInvasive species are co-introduced with microbiota from their native range and also interact with microbiota found in the novel environment to which they are introduced. Host flexibility toward microbiota, or host promiscuity, is an important trait underlying terrestrial plant invasions. To test whether host promiscuity may be important in macroalgal invasions, we experimentally simulated an invasion in a common garden setting, using the widespread invasive macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum as a model invasive seaweed holobiont. After disturbing the microbiota of individuals from native and non-native populations with antibiotics, we monitored the microbial succession trajectories in the presence of a new source of microbes. Microbial communities were strongly impacted by the treatment and changed compositionally and in terms of diversity but recovered functionally by the end of the experiment in most respects. Beta-diversity in disturbed holobionts strongly decreased, indicating that different populations configure more similar –or more common– microbial communities when exposed to the same conditions. This decline in beta-diversity occurred not only more rapidly, but was also more pronounced in non-native populations, while individuals from native populations retained communities more similar to those observed in the field. This study demonstrates that microbial communities of non-native A. vermiculophyllum are more flexibly adjusted to the environment and suggests that an intraspecific increase in host promiscuity has promoted the invasion process of A. vermiculophyllum. This phenomenon may be important among invasive macroalgal holobionts in general.

Water-Energy-Food Nexus Review for Biofuels Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-205
Author(s):  
Abass A. Gazal ◽  
Napat Jakrawatana ◽  
Thapat Silalertruksa ◽  
Shabbir H. Gheewala
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Assessment Methodology ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment Methodology ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Basic Human Needs

The appropriate use of limited natural resources for generating basic human needs such as energy, food, and water, is essential to help the society function efficiently. Hence, a new approach called nexus is being considered to resolve the effects of intrinsic trade-offs between the essential needs. A review of different methods and frameworks of the water-energy-food nexus was done in this article to give a detailed repository of information on existing approaches and advocate the development of a more holistic quantitative nexus method. Assessing biofuels under the water-energy-food nexus perspective, this review addresses the sustainability of bioenergy production. The results show the countries that can sustainably produce first-generation biofuels. Only a few methods have varied interdisciplinary procedures to analyse the nexus, and more analytical software and data on resource availability/use are needed to address trade-offs between these interacting resource sectors constituting the nexus. Also, “land” is suggested as an additional sector to consider in future studies using both the nexus index and life cycle assessment methodology. The review reveals that to tackle composite challenges related to resource management, cross-disciplinary methods are essential to integrate environmental, socio-political facets of water, energy, and food; employ collaborative frameworks; and seek the engagement of decision-makers.

Evidence for competition and facilitation trade-offs: effects of Sitka alder density on pine regeneration and soil productivity

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1286-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne W Simard ◽  
Steven R Radosevich ◽  
Donald L Sachs ◽  
Shannon M Hagerman
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Alnus Viridis ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Over Time

We suggest that the net outcome of interactions between regenerating conifers and early seral deciduous species depends on trade-offs between competition and facilitation over time. Vegetation management treatments that dramatically reduce competitive effects of deciduous species may constrain the ability of conifers to optimize resource trade-offs (e.g., increased growth response to light at the expense of increased drought mortality), potentially affecting long-term productivity. In a 15-year study in southern interior British Columbia, we investigated whether lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) survival, growth, and resource availability differed among manipulated stand compositions, from pure pine stands to mixtures with native N2-fixing Sitka alder (Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (Regel) Á. Löve & D. Löve) or herbs. We found that pine growth increases were sustained only in pure stands, where alder and herbs were completely removed, corresponding with short-term increases in light, soil and air temperature, and soil nitrate. However, this came at a significant cost to survival (through loss of protection from browsing, desiccation, and sun scald), as well as dramatic depletions in soil nitrogen mineralization over the longer term. Our results support a competition–facilitation trade-off hypothesis, suggesting that treatment-imposed shifts in resource availability over time could negatively affect forest productivity.

Correlated effects of selection for flower size in Raphanus raphanistrum

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari Lehtilä ◽  
Kristina Holmén Bränn
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Realized Heritability ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Vegetative Traits ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Selection For

The evolution of flower size may be constrained by trade-offs between flower size and other plant traits. The aim of this study was to determine how selection on flower size affects both reproductive and vegetative traits. Raphanus raphanistrum L. was used as the study species. Artificial selection for small and large petal size was carried out for two generations. We measured the realized heritability of flower size and recorded flower production, time to flowering, plant size, and seed production in the two selection lines. The realized heritability was h2 = 0.49. Our study, therefore, showed that R. raphanistrum has potential for rapid evolutionary change of floral size. The lines with large flowers produced smaller seeds and started to flower later than the lines with small flowers. There was no trade-off between flower size and flower number, but the lines selected for large flower size had more flowers and a larger plant size than lines selected for small flowers. Estimates of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis of pedigrees also showed that flower size had a positive genetic correlation with start of flowering and plant height.

Habitat selection by roe deer and sheep: does habitat ranking reflect resource availability?

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 776-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atle Mysterud ◽  
Per Kristian Larsen ◽  
Rolf Anker Ims ◽  
Eivind Østbye
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Antipredator Behavior ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Habitat ranking is often assumed to reflect food availability, but habitat selection may involve trade-offs, for example, between selecting for food or cover. We tested whether the habitat selection of 27 radio-collared European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 10 free-ranging domestic sheep (Ovis aries) on a forest range in southern Norway reflected resource availability. We predicted that ruminants of different feeding types would use habitats according to the main forage class, but that antipredator behavior might remove the correlation between habitat selection and food availability, thus making temporal and spatial scaling crucial. As predicted, habitat selection by sheep was highly correlated with grass availability on both the home-range and study-area scales. The habitat ranking of roe deer habitat selection did not correlate with the availability of herbs on either scale, but rather was correlated with the availability of canopy cover. We found a clear effect of temporal scale on habitat selection by roe deer. During summer, roe deer used forest habitats with more forage to a greater extent when they were active than when they were inactive, and tended to use habitats with greater availability of herbs at night. We conclude that scale-dependent trade-offs in habitat selection may cause inconsistent habitat rankings when pooled across temporal and spatial scales.

scholarly journals An experimentally introduced population of Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae). 2. Rapid evolution of phenotypic traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Sekor ◽  
Steven J. Franks
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Changes

Background and aims – Introduced populations can potentially experience strong selection and rapid evolution. While some retrospective studies have shown rapid evolution in introduced populations in the past, few have directly tested for and characterized evolution as it occurs. Here we use an experimental introduction to directly observe and quantify evolution of multiple traits in a plant population introduced to a novel environment. Methods – We experimentally introduced seeds of the annual plant Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae) from a location in southern California into multiple replicated plots in New York. We allowed the populations to naturally evolve for 3 years. Following the resurrection approach, we compared ancestors and descendants planted in common garden conditions in New York in multiple phenotypic traits. Key results – Within only three generations, there was significant evolution of several morphological, phenological, and fitness traits, as well as substantial variation among traits. Despite selection for larger size during the three years following introduction, there was evolution of smaller size, earlier flowering time, and shorter duration of flowering. Although there were rapid evolutionary changes in traits, descendants did not have greater fitness than ancestors in New York, indicating a lack of evidence for adaptive evolution, at least over the timeframe of the study. Conclusions – This study found rapid evolution of several morphological and phenological traits, including smaller plant size and shorter time to flowering, following introduction, confirming that evolution can rapidly occur during the early stages of colonization. Many traits evolved in the opposite direction predicted from phenotypic selection analysis, which suggests that the resurrection approach can reveal unanticipated evolutionary changes and can be very useful for studying contemporary evolution.

scholarly journals Costly induction of defense reduces plant growth and alters reproductive traits in mixed-mating Datura stramonium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deidra J. Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Chemical Induction ◽  
Plant Trait ◽  
Cost Of Defense ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Defense Induction

AbstractHerbivory shapes plant trait evolution by altering allocation to growth and defense in ways that affect plant reproduction and fitness. Initiation of these trade-offs may be particularly strong in juvenile plants with high phenotypic plasticity. Herbivory costs are often measured in terms of plant size or flower numbers, but other herbivore-induced floral changes can alter interactions with pollinators and have important implications for mating systems. In mixed-mating plants that can both self-fertilize and outcross, herbivory can maintain mating system variation if herbivore damage and defensive induction change a plant’s likelihood of selfing versus outcrossing. Here, I use mixed-mating Datura stramonium to evaluate how early defensive induction and herbivory result in trade-offs among plant defense, growth and reproduction. I used a 2×2 factorial manipulation of early chemical defense induction and season-long insecticide in the field. Growth costs of chemical induction were seen even before plants received damage, indicating an inherent cost of defense. Induction and herbivory changed multiple aspects of floral biology associated with a plant’s selfing or outcrossing rate. This including reduced floral allocation, earlier flowering, and reduced anther-stigma separation (herkogamy). Although these floral changes are associated with decreased attractiveness to pollinators, plants exposed to natural herbivory did not have decreased seed set. This is likely because their floral morphologies became more conducive to selfing (via reduced herkogamy). These vegetative and floral changes following damage and defensive induction can impact interactions among plants (by altering mating environment) and interactions with pollinators (via changes in floral allocation and floral phenology).

scholarly journals Resistance and Tolerance to Root Herbivory in Maize were Mediated by Domestication, Spread, and Breeding

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana A. Fontes-Puebla ◽  
Julio S. Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Defense Strategy ◽  
Defensive Strategies ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Maize Resistance ◽  
Maize Domestication

AbstractPlants may defend against herbivory and disease through various means. Plant defensive strategies against herbivores include resistance and tolerance, which may have metabolic costs that affect plant growth and reproduction. Thus, expression of these strategies may be mediated by a variety of factors, such as resource availability, herbivory pressure, and plant genetic variation, among others. Additionally, artificial selection by farmers and systematic breeding by scientists may mediate the expression of resistance and tolerance in crop plants. In this study, we tested whether maize defense against Western corn rootworm (WCR) was mediated by the crop’s domestication, spread, and modern breeding. We expected to find a trend of decreasing resistance to WCR with maize domestication, spread, and breeding, and a trend of increasing tolerance with decreasing resistance. To test our expectations, we compared resistance and tolerance among four Zea plants spanning those processes: Balsas teosinte, Mexican landrace maize, US landrace maize, and US inbred maize. We measured performance of WCR larvae as a proxy for plant resistance, and plant growth as affected by WCR feeding as a proxy for plant tolerance. Our results showed that domestication and spread decreased maize resistance to WCR, as expected, whereas breeding increased maize resistance to WCR, contrary to expected. Our results also showed that maize resistance and tolerance to WCR are negatively correlated, as expected. We discussed our findings in relation to ecological-evolutionary hypotheses seeking to explain defense strategy evolution in the contexts of plant resistance-productivity trade-offs, plant tolerance-resistance trade-offs, and varying resource availability vis-à-vis plant physiological stress and herbivory pressure. Finally, we suggested that defense strategy evolution in maize, from domestication to the present, is predicted by those ecological-evolutionary hypotheses.

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