scholarly journals What drives relocation policies in the Maldives?

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 (2) ◽  
pp. 931-951
Author(s):  
Geronimo Gussmann ◽  
Jochen Hinkel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sea Levels

AbstractThe predominant responses to rising sea levels are in situ adaptations. However, increasing rates of sea-level rise will render ex situ adaptations—in the form of relocations—inevitable in some low-lying coastal zones. Particularly small island states like the Maldives face this significant adaptation challenge. Here, government action is necessary to move vulnerable communities out of flood-prone areas. Yet, little empirical knowledge exists about the governance of relocations. While the literature often highlights risks and benefits of relocations, it remains unclear how governments organized relocations and what drove relocation policy. Therefore, we examined Maldivian relocation policies from 1968 to 2018 to explain government support of relocations. For this, we used a qualitative research design and extended the multiple streams approach with the theoretical lens of historical institutionalism. To gather data, we conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 23) with relocation policy experts and locals affected by relocations. Interview data was complemented with a desk review of relevant laws, historical records, and policy documents. We find 29 completed and 25 failed cases of relocations in the 50-year period. Key drivers of relocation policies are focusing events, socioeconomic development, and institutionalized island autonomy. We find that relocations were predominantly initiated as means to facilitate economic development, not as a response to rising seas or coastal risk. With current rapid economic development and strengthened democratic institutions, relocations are not considered as a policy option anymore. We conclude that implementing relocations proactively will face significant barriers in the future, which highlights the urgency of successful in situ adaptations in the Maldives.

scholarly journals Sustainable Use of Fig Species Provides Nutrition and Medicine for Ethnic Minority Communities in the Southern Shan State of Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mya Mon ◽  
Yinxian Shi ◽  
Pyae Phyo Hein ◽  
Thaung Naing Oo ◽  
Cory W. Whitney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Ethnobotanical Knowledge ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Tropical Regions

Abstract Background: Fig trees are ecological keystone species in many tropical regions and play important roles in the spirituality, nutrition and health for many rural communities. Although the tropical forests in Myanmar contain many fig species, little ethnobotanical knowledge on their uses has been recorded.Information about the uses and conservation related actions of figswould be helpful in development ofstrategic policy for sustainable use and biodiversity conservation of the country. We showcase the rich ethnobotanical knowledge as well as the variety of collection and conservation practices related to figs among five ethnic groups in Southern Shan State. Methods: We performed both key informant and semi-structured interviews with 114 informants from five ethnic groups. Their uses for figs were categorized according to local practices and recipes. Informants were asked about trends in conservation status over the past 10 years and any conservation related customs and practices. Data were analyzed quantitatively by use report (UR) and use value (UV). Results: Informants reported the uses of eight fig species (Ficusauricularta，F.concinna, F. geniculata，F. hispida, F. racemosa, F. religiosa，F. semicordata, and F. virens).F. geniculata and F. virens were most useful (UR = 228) and were used by all five ethnic groups, corresponding to a high use value (UV = 2). Treatments for 16 diseases were reported from seven species. Household consumption, economic, and sacred uses were accompanied by sustainable practices of harvest and protection. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation were practiced especially for highly demanded species (F. geniculata and F. virens), and the sacred fig F. religiosa.Conclusion: Findings suggest that figs are useful for nutrition (all informants) and medicine (13.16% of the informants) in the study area. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation practices help to maintain sustainable utilization of locally important figs. This is an early contribution to the traditional knowledge of edible figs. Although similar uses have been reported in neighboring countries for seven of the fig species, the ethnobotanical use of F. concinna is novel.

scholarly journals ECOTURISMO E AÇÕES DE SUSTENTABILIDADE COMO FATORES DE VALORIZAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE ECOTURÍSTICA EM PRUDENTÓPOLIS, PR

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Ferreira Maganhotto ◽  
Vanessa Alberton ◽  
Maria Beatriz Petroski Bonetti ◽  
Marciel Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
Ecological Tourism ◽  
The City

ECOTOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY ACTIONS AS VALUING FACTORS OF ECOTOURISM ACTIVITY IN PRUDENTÓPOLIS, PRECOTURISMO Y ACCIONES DE SOSTENIBILIDAD COMO FACTORES DE VALORIZACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ECOTURÍSTICA EN PRUDENTÓPOLIS, PRRESUMODiante da realidade de que a humanidade cada vez mais se concentra nas grandes cidades, uma das alternativas encontradas é a busca pelo turismo ecológico, que tem crescido de forma significativa no Brasil e no mundo, mas principalmente nos países que apresentam diversidade de belezas naturais e riqueza de fauna e flora. A presente pesquisa, realizada no município de Prudentópolis/PR, apresenta o desenvolvimento dos atrativos ecoturísticos e as ações sustentáveis presentes em cada propriedade. Este estudo de caso foi desenvolvido entre o período de setembro de 2015 a agosto de 2016. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio bibliográfico, documental, observação in loco e entrevista semiestruturada com os proprietários dos empreendimentos. Na coleta de dados foram identificadas várias práticas sustentáveis em cada dimensão da sustentabilidade que permite apontar que essas práticas são propulsoras ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico e valorização do turismo e da comunidade local do Município de Prudentópolis.Palavras-chave: Ecoturismo; Sustentabilidade; Meio Ambiente. ABSTRACT Faced with the reality that humanity is increasingly concentrated in the big cities, one of the alter-natives found is the search for ecological tourism, which has grown significantly in Brazil and in the world, but especially in countries with a diversity of beauties and richness of fauna and flora. The present research, carried out in the city of Prudentópolis/PR, presents the development of the ecotourism attractions and the sustainable actions present in each property. This case study was developed between September 2015 and August 2016, data collection was done through bibliographical, documentary, on-site observation and semi-structured interviews with project owners. In the collection of data, several sustainable practices were identified in each dimension of sustainability, which allows us to point out that these practices are propulsive to the socioeconomic development and valorization of tourism and the local community of the Municipality of Prudentópolis..Keywords: Ecotourism; Sustainability; Environment.RESUMENAnte la realidad de que la humanidad cada vez más se concentra en las grandes ciudades, una de las alternativas encontradas es la búsqueda por el turismo ecológico, que ha crecido de forma significativa en Brasil y en el mundo, pero principalmente en los países que presentan diversidad de bellezas naturales y riqueza de fauna y flora. La presente investigación, realizada en el municipio de Prudentópolis/PR, presenta el desarrollo de los atractivos ecoturísticos y las acciones sostenibles presentes en cada propiedad. Este estudio de caso fue desarrollado entre el período de septiembre de 2015 hasta agosto del 2016. La recabación de datos se dio a través de la recopilación bibliográfica, documental, observación in situ y entrevistas semiestructuradas con los propietarios de los emprendimientos. Durante el trabajo de campo se identificaron varias prácticas sostenibles en cada dimensión de la sostenibilidad que permite apuntar que esas prácticas son propulsoras al desarrollo socioeconómico y valorización del turismo y de la comunidad local del municipio de Prudentópolis.Palabras clave: Ecoturismo; Sostenibilidad; Medio Ambiente.

scholarly journals Dynamic guardianship of potato landraces by Andean communities and the genebank of the International Potato Center

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Lüttringhaus ◽  
Willy Pradel ◽  
Víctor Suarez ◽  
Norma C. Manrique-Carpintero ◽  
Noelle L. Anglin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
International Potato ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Exchange

Abstract Background Potato landraces (Solanum spp.) are not only crucial for food security and sustenance in Andean communities but are also deeply rooted in the local culture. The crop originated in the Andes, and while a great diversity of potato persists, some landraces have been lost. Local communities and the genebank of the International Potato Center (CIP) partnered to re-establish some of these landraces in situ by supplying clean seed potatoes to farmers. Over time, the genebank formalized a repatriation program of potato landraces. Repatriation is the process of returning native germplasm back to its place of origin, allowing a dynamic exchange between ex situ and in situ conditions. So far, no comprehensive description of CIP’s repatriation program, the changes it induced, nor its benefits, has been carried out. Methods We addressed this research gap by analyzing CIP genebank distribution data for repatriated accessions, conducting structured interviews with experts of the repatriation program, and applying duration and benefit analyses to a survey dataset of 301 households. Results Between 1997 and 2020, 14,950 samples, representing 1519 accessions, were distributed to 135 communities in Peru. While most households (56%) abandoned the repatriated material by the fourth year after receiving it, the in situ survival probability of the remaining material stabilized between 36% in year 5 and 18% in year 15. Households where the plot manager was over 60 years old were more likely to grow the repatriated landraces for longer periods of times. While male plot management decreased survival times compared to female plot management, higher levels of education, labor force, wealth, food insecurity, and geographic location in the southern part of Peru were associated with greater survival times. Most farmers reported nutritional and cultural benefits as reasons for maintaining landrace material. Repatriated potatoes enabled farmers to conserve potato diversity, and hence, re-establish and broaden culinary diversity and traditions. Conclusions Our study is the first to apply an economic model to analyze the duration of in situ landrace cultivation by custodian farmers. We provide an evidence base that describes the vast scope of the program and its benefits.

scholarly journals The uses of fig (Ficus) by five ethnic minority communities in Southern Shan State, Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mya Mon ◽  
Yinxian Shi ◽  
Xuefei Yang ◽  
Pyae Phyo Hein ◽  
Thaung Naing Oo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Quantitative Ethnobotany ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Traditional Use

Abstract Background Most regions of Myanmar fall within the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot and are threatened with biodiversity loss. Development of a comprehensive framework for sustainable development is crucial. Figs are ecological keystone species within these regions and are also important for traditional spiritual food and health uses, which often have accompanying conservation practices. The traditional use and management of figs may offer clues to help guide the development of national policies for sustainable development. In this study, we showcase the rich ethnobotanical knowledge as well as the variety of collection and conservation practices of figs among five ethnic groups in Southern Shan State. Methods We performed both key informant and semi-structured interviews with 114 informants from five ethnic groups. Their uses for figs were categorized according to local practices and recipes. Informants were asked about trends in conservation status over the past 10 years and any conservation-related customs and practices. Data were analyzed quantitatively with common quantitative ethnobotany indices, the use report (UR) and use value (UV). Results Informants reported the uses of eight fig species (Ficus auricularta, F. concinna, F. geniculata, F. hispida, F. racemosa, F. religiosa, F. semicordata, and F. virens). F. geniculata and F. virens were most useful (UR = 228) and were used by all five ethnic groups, corresponding to a high use value (UV = 2). Treatments for 16 diseases were reported from seven species. Household consumption, economic and sacred uses were accompanied by sustainable practices of harvest and protection. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation were common especially for highly demanded species (F. geniculata and F. virens) and the sacred fig F. religiosa. Conclusion Findings suggest that figs are useful for food (all informants) and medicine (13.16% of the informants) in the study area. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation practices help to maintain sustainable utilization of locally important figs. This is an early contribution to the traditional knowledge of edible figs. Although similar uses have been reported in neighboring countries for seven of the fig species, the ethnobotanical use of F. concinna is novel.

scholarly journals The uses of fig (Ficus) by five ethnic minority communities in Southern Shan State, Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mya Mon ◽  
Yinxian Shi ◽  
Xuefei Yang ◽  
Pyae Phyo Hein ◽  
Thaung Naing Oo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Quantitative Ethnobotany ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Structured Interviews

Abstract Background: Most regions of Myanmar fall within the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot and are threatened of biodiversity loss. Development of a comprehensive framework for sustainable development is crucial. Figs are ecological keystone species within these regions and are also important for their traditional spiritual, food and health uses, which often have accompanying conservation practices. These may offer clues to help guide the development of national policies for sustainable development. In this study we showcase the rich ethnobotanical knowledge as well as the variety of collection and conservation practices of figs among five ethnic groups in Southern Shan State.Methods: We performed both key informant and semi-structured interviews with 114 informants from five ethnic groups. Their uses for figs were categorized according to local practices and recipes. Informants were asked about trends in conservation status over the past 10 years and any conservation related customs and practices. Data were analyzed quantitatively with common quantitative ethnobotany indices, the use report (UR) and use value (UV). Results: Informants reported the uses of eight fig species (Ficus auricularta，F. concinna, F. geniculata，F. hispida, F. racemosa, F. religiosa，F. semicordata, and F. virens). F. geniculata and F. virens were most useful (UR = 228) and were used by all five ethnic groups, corresponding to a high use value (UV = 2). Treatments for 16 diseases were reported from seven species. Household consumption, economic, and sacred uses were accompanied by sustainable practices of harvest and protection. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation were practiced especially for highly demanded species (F. geniculata and F. virens), and the sacred fig F. religiosa.Conclusion: Findings suggest that figs are useful for food (all informants) and medicine (13.16% of the informants) in the study area. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation practices help to maintain sustainable utilization of locally important figs. This is an early contribution to the traditional knowledge of edible figs. Although similar uses have been reported in neighboring countries for seven of the fig species, the ethnobotanical use of F. concinna is novel.

scholarly journals Distribution, management and diversity of the endangered Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
WF. Nascimento ◽  
MVBM. Siqueira ◽  
AB. Ferreira ◽  
LC. Ming ◽  
N. Peroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Distribution Management ◽  
On Farm Conservation ◽  
Purple Yam ◽  
On Farm

The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of Dioscorea trifida in Brazil and to obtain information concerning its distribution, management and diversity. Farmers from 21 communities were interviewed in the states of São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Mato Grosso. During the visits, semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect socio-economic, management and diversity data for this crop. Fifty-one collected accessions, plus two accessions obtained at local markets of Amazonas, were characterized using 12 morphological traits. Most the interviewed farmers were men (75%) with a mean age of 59.5 years. Just a few young people and labor force were available for agricultural activities, with an average of only three individuals per farm. Most farmers (56%) grew only one variety of D. trifida, although 44% had more than one variety in their fields, which aims to provide greater assurance at harvest. Many popular names were observed for D. trifida, and cará roxo (purple yam) was the name most used by farmers (43.4%). Characters referring to the tuber, such as skin and flesh color, were most relevant for the distinction of the accessions. The results of this study may collaborate to develop strategies for conservation, both ex situ and in situ, within the view of on farm conservation.

scholarly journals The uses of fig (Ficus) by five ethnic minority communities in Southern Shan State, Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mya Mon ◽  
Yinxian Shi ◽  
Xuefei Yang ◽  
Pyae Phyo Hein ◽  
Thaung Naing Oo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Quantitative Ethnobotany ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Structured Interviews

Abstract Background: Most regions of Myanmar fall within the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot and are threatened of biodiversity loss. Development of a comprehensive framework for sustainable development is crucial. Figs are ecological keystone species within these regions and are also important for their traditional spiritual, food and health uses, which often have accompanying conservation practices. These may offer clues to help guide the development of national policies for sustainable development. In this study we showcase the rich ethnobotanical knowledge as well as the variety of collection and conservation practices of figs among five ethnic groups in Southern Shan State.Methods: We performed both key informant and semi-structured interviews with 114 informants from five ethnic groups. Their uses for figs were categorized according to local practices and recipes. Informants were asked about trends in conservation status over the past 10 years and any conservation related customs and practices. Data were analyzed quantitatively with common quantitative ethnobotany indices, the use report (UR) and use value (UV). Results: Informants reported the uses of eight fig species (Ficus auricularta，F. concinna, F. geniculata，F. hispida, F. racemosa, F. religiosa，F. semicordata, and F. virens). F. geniculata and F. virens were most useful (UR = 228) and were used by all five ethnic groups, corresponding to a high use value (UV = 2). Treatments for 16 diseases were reported from seven species. Household consumption, economic, and sacred uses were accompanied by sustainable practices of harvest and protection. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation were practiced especially for highly demanded species (F. geniculata and F. virens), and the sacred fig F. religiosa.Conclusion: Findings suggest that figs are useful for food (all informants) and medicine (13.16% of the informants) in the study area. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation practices help to maintain sustainable utilization of locally important figs. This is an early contribution to the traditional knowledge of edible figs. Although similar uses have been reported in neighboring countries for seven of the fig species, the ethnobotanical use of F. concinna is novel.

An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

The use of transmission and analytical electron microscopy in studying reactions and phase transformations in thin film

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 842-843
Author(s):  
K. Barmak
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Multilayer Thin Films ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Deposition Step

Generally, processing of thin films involves several annealing steps in addition to the deposition step. During the annealing steps, diffusion, transformations and reactions take place. In this paper, examples of the use of TEM and AEM for ex situ and in situ studies of reactions and phase transformations in thin films will be presented.The ex situ studies were carried out on Nb/Al multilayer thin films annealed to different stages of reaction. Figure 1 shows a multilayer with dNb = 383 and dAl = 117 nm annealed at 750°C for 4 hours. As can be seen in the micrograph, there are four phases, Nb/Nb3-xAl/Nb2-xAl/NbAl3, present in the film at this stage of the reaction. The composition of each of the four regions marked 1-4 was obtained by EDX analysis. The absolute concentration in each region could not be determined due to the lack of thickness and geometry parameters that were required to make the necessary absorption and fluorescence corrections.

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Epitaxial silicides grown by ultra high vacuum deposition

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Electron ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Transmission Electron

The silicides CoSi2 and NiSi2 are both metallic with the fee flourite structure and lattice constants which are close to silicon (1.2% and 0.6% smaller at room temperature respectively) Consequently epitaxial cobalt and nickel disilicide can be grown on silicon. If these layers are formed by ultra high vacuum (UHV) deposition (also known as molecular beam epitaxy or MBE) their thickness can be controlled to within a few monolayers. Such ultrathin metal/silicon systems have many potential applications: for example electronic devices based on ballistic transport. They also provide a model system to study the properties of heterointerfaces. In this work we will discuss results obtained using in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM).In situ TEM is suited to the study of MBE growth for several reasons. It offers high spatial resolution and the ability to penetrate many monolayers of material. This is in contrast to the techniques which are usually employed for in situ measurements in MBE, for example low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), which are both sensitive to only a few monolayers at the surface.

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