scholarly journals Dynamic guardianship of potato landraces by Andean communities and the genebank of the International Potato Center

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Lüttringhaus ◽  
Willy Pradel ◽  
Víctor Suarez ◽  
Norma C. Manrique-Carpintero ◽  
Noelle L. Anglin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
International Potato ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Exchange

Abstract Background Potato landraces (Solanum spp.) are not only crucial for food security and sustenance in Andean communities but are also deeply rooted in the local culture. The crop originated in the Andes, and while a great diversity of potato persists, some landraces have been lost. Local communities and the genebank of the International Potato Center (CIP) partnered to re-establish some of these landraces in situ by supplying clean seed potatoes to farmers. Over time, the genebank formalized a repatriation program of potato landraces. Repatriation is the process of returning native germplasm back to its place of origin, allowing a dynamic exchange between ex situ and in situ conditions. So far, no comprehensive description of CIP’s repatriation program, the changes it induced, nor its benefits, has been carried out. Methods We addressed this research gap by analyzing CIP genebank distribution data for repatriated accessions, conducting structured interviews with experts of the repatriation program, and applying duration and benefit analyses to a survey dataset of 301 households. Results Between 1997 and 2020, 14,950 samples, representing 1519 accessions, were distributed to 135 communities in Peru. While most households (56%) abandoned the repatriated material by the fourth year after receiving it, the in situ survival probability of the remaining material stabilized between 36% in year 5 and 18% in year 15. Households where the plot manager was over 60 years old were more likely to grow the repatriated landraces for longer periods of times. While male plot management decreased survival times compared to female plot management, higher levels of education, labor force, wealth, food insecurity, and geographic location in the southern part of Peru were associated with greater survival times. Most farmers reported nutritional and cultural benefits as reasons for maintaining landrace material. Repatriated potatoes enabled farmers to conserve potato diversity, and hence, re-establish and broaden culinary diversity and traditions. Conclusions Our study is the first to apply an economic model to analyze the duration of in situ landrace cultivation by custodian farmers. We provide an evidence base that describes the vast scope of the program and its benefits.

scholarly journals Sustainable Use of Fig Species Provides Nutrition and Medicine for Ethnic Minority Communities in the Southern Shan State of Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mya Mon ◽  
Yinxian Shi ◽  
Pyae Phyo Hein ◽  
Thaung Naing Oo ◽  
Cory W. Whitney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Ethnobotanical Knowledge ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Tropical Regions

Abstract Background: Fig trees are ecological keystone species in many tropical regions and play important roles in the spirituality, nutrition and health for many rural communities. Although the tropical forests in Myanmar contain many fig species, little ethnobotanical knowledge on their uses has been recorded.Information about the uses and conservation related actions of figswould be helpful in development ofstrategic policy for sustainable use and biodiversity conservation of the country. We showcase the rich ethnobotanical knowledge as well as the variety of collection and conservation practices related to figs among five ethnic groups in Southern Shan State. Methods: We performed both key informant and semi-structured interviews with 114 informants from five ethnic groups. Their uses for figs were categorized according to local practices and recipes. Informants were asked about trends in conservation status over the past 10 years and any conservation related customs and practices. Data were analyzed quantitatively by use report (UR) and use value (UV). Results: Informants reported the uses of eight fig species (Ficusauricularta，F.concinna, F. geniculata，F. hispida, F. racemosa, F. religiosa，F. semicordata, and F. virens).F. geniculata and F. virens were most useful (UR = 228) and were used by all five ethnic groups, corresponding to a high use value (UV = 2). Treatments for 16 diseases were reported from seven species. Household consumption, economic, and sacred uses were accompanied by sustainable practices of harvest and protection. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation were practiced especially for highly demanded species (F. geniculata and F. virens), and the sacred fig F. religiosa.Conclusion: Findings suggest that figs are useful for nutrition (all informants) and medicine (13.16% of the informants) in the study area. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation practices help to maintain sustainable utilization of locally important figs. This is an early contribution to the traditional knowledge of edible figs. Although similar uses have been reported in neighboring countries for seven of the fig species, the ethnobotanical use of F. concinna is novel.

scholarly journals Interactions between coral propagules in aquarium and field conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poh Leong Loo ◽  
Anqi Li ◽  
Koh Siang Tan
Keyword(s):  
Scleractinian Coral ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Interspecific Interaction ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Intraspecific Interaction ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
In Situ Conditions

AbstractThe effects of intraspecific and interspecific interactions between three species of scleractinian coral micro-colonies, namely Lithophyllon undulatum, Turbinaria mesenterina and Platygyra sinensis were evaluated for their survivorship, tissue loss and growth in both field (in-situ) and aquarium (ex-situ) conditions over 12 weeks. Regardless of environmental conditions and interactions, L. undulatum survived better (91.7 ± 6.2%) than T. mesenterina (75.0 ± 25.0%) and P. sinensis (60.4 ± 39.5%). Similarly, L. undulatum registered the lowest tissue loss (0.5 ± 0.7%) as compared to T. mesenterina (14.3 ± 19.4%) and P. sinensis (22.0 ± 30.0%). However, P. sinensis gained more weight (3.2 ± 5.2 g) than either T. mesenterina (2.7 ± 2.4 g) or L. undulatum (0.8 ± 1.1 g). In both environments, all three species in intraspecific interaction generally had higher survivorship, lower tissue loss and better growth than those in interspecific interaction except the latter in in-situ conditions had a twofold increase in growth (5.8 ± 3.7 g) than the former in-situ conditions (2.8 ± 3.7 g). Hence, all three species are potentially suitable for transplantation and mariculture except perhaps for P. sinensis which performed poorly in ex-situ conditions. Corals can be transplanted either with different colonies of the same species or together with other coral taxa. This study demonstrated that L. undulatum should be transplanted between T. mesenterina and P. sinensis for optimal growth and survival.

Concurrent in-situ measurement of flow capacity, gas content and saturation

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Quentin Morgan ◽  
John Pope ◽  
Peter Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Flow Capacity ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Testing Techniques ◽  
Cost Implications

A new core-less testing capability has been developed to provide concurrent measurements of coal seam flow capacity and gas content at in-situ conditions. The fluid-based measurement principles are intended to overcome time constraints, accuracy limitations, and cost implications of discrete measurements attributed to traditional ex-situ measurements on core samples. Details of measurement principles, associated enabling technologies, and generic test procedures have been disclosed in a previous publication. In 2012 a number of field trials were conducted with this new service for both coal mine operators and CSG operators. This peer-reviewed paper will detail pre-job planning, well site execution, and data analysis for one of these trials, which involved testing several seams across two wells, and will illustrate comparison with data acquired using conventional testing techniques from offset wells. This peer-reviewed paper will also highlight key learnings and overall performance, and explain how the learned lessons can be applied to improve testing efficacy and data quality.

scholarly journals What drives relocation policies in the Maldives?

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 (2) ◽  
pp. 931-951
Author(s):  
Geronimo Gussmann ◽  
Jochen Hinkel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sea Levels

AbstractThe predominant responses to rising sea levels are in situ adaptations. However, increasing rates of sea-level rise will render ex situ adaptations—in the form of relocations—inevitable in some low-lying coastal zones. Particularly small island states like the Maldives face this significant adaptation challenge. Here, government action is necessary to move vulnerable communities out of flood-prone areas. Yet, little empirical knowledge exists about the governance of relocations. While the literature often highlights risks and benefits of relocations, it remains unclear how governments organized relocations and what drove relocation policy. Therefore, we examined Maldivian relocation policies from 1968 to 2018 to explain government support of relocations. For this, we used a qualitative research design and extended the multiple streams approach with the theoretical lens of historical institutionalism. To gather data, we conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 23) with relocation policy experts and locals affected by relocations. Interview data was complemented with a desk review of relevant laws, historical records, and policy documents. We find 29 completed and 25 failed cases of relocations in the 50-year period. Key drivers of relocation policies are focusing events, socioeconomic development, and institutionalized island autonomy. We find that relocations were predominantly initiated as means to facilitate economic development, not as a response to rising seas or coastal risk. With current rapid economic development and strengthened democratic institutions, relocations are not considered as a policy option anymore. We conclude that implementing relocations proactively will face significant barriers in the future, which highlights the urgency of successful in situ adaptations in the Maldives.

scholarly journals Study of the Growth and Development of Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk. in ex situ Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
K. Mammadova
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Germ Layer ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Simple Complex ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Results of analyzes of the growth and development of species Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk. of the Pterocarya Kunth genus (Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb) — relict plant of the Arctic flora of the III period in ex situ conditions have been shown in the paper. Degree of adaptation of wingnut in ex situ conditions, its growth characteristics were assessed both in young and old age. The biomorphological structure of P. pterocarpa seedlings, the size and number of hypocotyls and germ layer were determined in the course of the study. The formation and growth of simple complex true leaves and the life cycle of germ layer were determined as a result of observations of seedlings. The growth of seedlings of wingnut occurs intensively from the third decade of April to the second decade of June under ex situ conditions have been showed the study. The final productivity of seedlings under in situ conditions was higher than under cultivation conditions in ex situ as was found under studying the growth and development of plant. The vegetation of the species P. pterocarpa under the conditions of Absheron begins from the second decade of March to the second decade of November; the duration of the growing season is several days. P. pterocarpa grows and develops normally in cultural conditions of Absheron on based of the analysis of the research.

scholarly journals The uses of fig (Ficus) by five ethnic minority communities in Southern Shan State, Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mya Mon ◽  
Yinxian Shi ◽  
Xuefei Yang ◽  
Pyae Phyo Hein ◽  
Thaung Naing Oo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Quantitative Ethnobotany ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Traditional Use

Abstract Background Most regions of Myanmar fall within the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot and are threatened with biodiversity loss. Development of a comprehensive framework for sustainable development is crucial. Figs are ecological keystone species within these regions and are also important for traditional spiritual food and health uses, which often have accompanying conservation practices. The traditional use and management of figs may offer clues to help guide the development of national policies for sustainable development. In this study, we showcase the rich ethnobotanical knowledge as well as the variety of collection and conservation practices of figs among five ethnic groups in Southern Shan State. Methods We performed both key informant and semi-structured interviews with 114 informants from five ethnic groups. Their uses for figs were categorized according to local practices and recipes. Informants were asked about trends in conservation status over the past 10 years and any conservation-related customs and practices. Data were analyzed quantitatively with common quantitative ethnobotany indices, the use report (UR) and use value (UV). Results Informants reported the uses of eight fig species (Ficus auricularta, F. concinna, F. geniculata, F. hispida, F. racemosa, F. religiosa, F. semicordata, and F. virens). F. geniculata and F. virens were most useful (UR = 228) and were used by all five ethnic groups, corresponding to a high use value (UV = 2). Treatments for 16 diseases were reported from seven species. Household consumption, economic and sacred uses were accompanied by sustainable practices of harvest and protection. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation were common especially for highly demanded species (F. geniculata and F. virens) and the sacred fig F. religiosa. Conclusion Findings suggest that figs are useful for food (all informants) and medicine (13.16% of the informants) in the study area. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation practices help to maintain sustainable utilization of locally important figs. This is an early contribution to the traditional knowledge of edible figs. Although similar uses have been reported in neighboring countries for seven of the fig species, the ethnobotanical use of F. concinna is novel.

scholarly journals Multi-slice ptychography enables high-resolution measurements in extended chemical reactors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Kahnt ◽  
Lukas Grote ◽  
Dennis Brückner ◽  
Martin Seyrich ◽  
Felix Wittwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Chemical Reactors ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
Liquid Cell ◽  
Projection Images

AbstractPtychographic X-ray microscopy is an ideal tool to observe chemical processes under in situ conditions. Chemical reactors, however, are often thicker than the depth of field, limiting the lateral spatial resolution in projection images. To overcome this limit and reach higher lateral spatial resolution, wave propagation within the sample environment has to be taken into account. Here, we demonstrate this effect recording a ptychographic projection of copper(I) oxide nanocubes grown on two sides of a polyimide foil. Reconstructing the nanocubes using the conventional ptychographic model shows the limitation in the achieved resolution due to the thickness of the foil. Whereas, utilizing a multi-slice approach unambiguously separates two sharper reconstructions of nanocubes on both sides of the foil. Moreover, we illustrate how ptychographic multi-slice reconstructions are crucial for high-quality imaging of chemical processes by ex situ studying copper(I) oxide nanocubes grown on the walls of a liquid cell.

scholarly journals The uses of fig (Ficus) by five ethnic minority communities in Southern Shan State, Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mya Mon ◽  
Yinxian Shi ◽  
Xuefei Yang ◽  
Pyae Phyo Hein ◽  
Thaung Naing Oo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Quantitative Ethnobotany ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Structured Interviews

Abstract Background: Most regions of Myanmar fall within the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot and are threatened of biodiversity loss. Development of a comprehensive framework for sustainable development is crucial. Figs are ecological keystone species within these regions and are also important for their traditional spiritual, food and health uses, which often have accompanying conservation practices. These may offer clues to help guide the development of national policies for sustainable development. In this study we showcase the rich ethnobotanical knowledge as well as the variety of collection and conservation practices of figs among five ethnic groups in Southern Shan State.Methods: We performed both key informant and semi-structured interviews with 114 informants from five ethnic groups. Their uses for figs were categorized according to local practices and recipes. Informants were asked about trends in conservation status over the past 10 years and any conservation related customs and practices. Data were analyzed quantitatively with common quantitative ethnobotany indices, the use report (UR) and use value (UV). Results: Informants reported the uses of eight fig species (Ficus auricularta，F. concinna, F. geniculata，F. hispida, F. racemosa, F. religiosa，F. semicordata, and F. virens). F. geniculata and F. virens were most useful (UR = 228) and were used by all five ethnic groups, corresponding to a high use value (UV = 2). Treatments for 16 diseases were reported from seven species. Household consumption, economic, and sacred uses were accompanied by sustainable practices of harvest and protection. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation were practiced especially for highly demanded species (F. geniculata and F. virens), and the sacred fig F. religiosa.Conclusion: Findings suggest that figs are useful for food (all informants) and medicine (13.16% of the informants) in the study area. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation practices help to maintain sustainable utilization of locally important figs. This is an early contribution to the traditional knowledge of edible figs. Although similar uses have been reported in neighboring countries for seven of the fig species, the ethnobotanical use of F. concinna is novel.

scholarly journals Distribution, management and diversity of the endangered Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
WF. Nascimento ◽  
MVBM. Siqueira ◽  
AB. Ferreira ◽  
LC. Ming ◽  
N. Peroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Distribution Management ◽  
On Farm Conservation ◽  
Purple Yam ◽  
On Farm

The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of Dioscorea trifida in Brazil and to obtain information concerning its distribution, management and diversity. Farmers from 21 communities were interviewed in the states of São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Mato Grosso. During the visits, semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect socio-economic, management and diversity data for this crop. Fifty-one collected accessions, plus two accessions obtained at local markets of Amazonas, were characterized using 12 morphological traits. Most the interviewed farmers were men (75%) with a mean age of 59.5 years. Just a few young people and labor force were available for agricultural activities, with an average of only three individuals per farm. Most farmers (56%) grew only one variety of D. trifida, although 44% had more than one variety in their fields, which aims to provide greater assurance at harvest. Many popular names were observed for D. trifida, and cará roxo (purple yam) was the name most used by farmers (43.4%). Characters referring to the tuber, such as skin and flesh color, were most relevant for the distinction of the accessions. The results of this study may collaborate to develop strategies for conservation, both ex situ and in situ, within the view of on farm conservation.

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