An Assessment of Consumer Protection and Consumer Empowerment in Costa Rica

AbstractOne of the novelties brought about by the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a strengthening of the concept of consent. For instance, although the freely given stipulation existed in the old framework—the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC—the changes introduced by the GDPR arguably imply that access to services may no longer depend on data subject consent. In reality however, data subjects often find themselves confronted with standard privacy policies and take-it-or-leave-it offers. Against this background, this Article aims to examine the alignment of the respective data protection and privacy, consumer protection, and competition law policy agendas through the lens of pre-formulated declarations of consent. The Article aims to delineate the role of each area with specific reference to the GDPR and ePrivacy Directive, the Unfair Terms Directive, the Consumer Rights Directive, and the Digital Content Directive (Compromise), in addition to market dominance. Competition law analysis is explored vis-à-vis whether it could offer indicators of when a clear imbalance in controller-data subject relations may occur in the context of the requirement for consent to be freely given, as per its definition in the GDPR. This complements the data protection and consumer protection analysis which focuses on the specific reference to the Unfair Terms Directive in Recital 42 GDPR, stating that pre-formulated declarations of consent should not contain unfair terms.

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Alternatif Model Partisipatif Didalam Pemberdayaan Konsumen Cerdas Di Desa Gondangrejo, Kecamatan Windusari, Kabupaten Magelang

Madani : Indonesian Journal of Civil Society ◽

10.35970/madani.v3i1.384 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 01-07

Author(s):

Rani Pajrin ◽

RR Yunita Puspandari ◽

Fathiya Nabila

Keyword(s):

Community Service ◽

Consumer Protection ◽

Alternative Model ◽

The Other ◽

European Countries ◽

Environmental Scanning ◽

Consumer Empowerment ◽

Consumer Group ◽

Consumer Rights ◽

Service Activity

Consumers' awareness in Indonesia in fighting for consumer rights is still relatively low, which can be seen from the Consumer Empowerment Index which is still lagging behind other European countries. Community service activities carried out in Gondangrejo Village, Windusari District, Magelang Regency are carried out by providing socialization and education about the importance of being a smart consumer who is aware of the rights and obligations of consumers. Rights and obligations are regulated in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The method used in this activity is a Participatory Alternative Model which uses Environmental Scanning, through the author's method of building the ability to view programs on an ongoing basis through mapping of related stakeholders. The purpose of this service activity is the participation of the community as consumers so that consumers can fulfill their rights as consumers. On the other hand, the smart consumer group can increase the national consumer empowerment index.

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Identification of Maize Rayado Fino Virus by Immunoelectron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100119879 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 636-637

Author(s):

O. E. Bradfute

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Rabbit Serum ◽

Normal Rabbit Serum ◽

Virus Particles ◽

Far North ◽

Maize Rayado Fino Virus ◽

Antibody Coating

Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes a severe disease of corn (Zea mays) in many locations throughout the neotropics and as far north as southern U.S. MRFV particles detected by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from infected leaves are not necessarily distinguishable from many other small isometric viruses infecting plants (Fig. 1).Immunosorbent trapping of virus particles on antibody-coated grids and the antibody coating or decoration of trapped virus particles, was used to confirm the identification of MRFV. Antiserum to MRFV was supplied by R. Gamez (Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica).Virus particles, appearing as a continuous lawn, were trapped on grids coated with MRFV antiserum (Fig. 2-4). In contrast, virus particles were infrequently found on grids not exposed to antiserum or grids coated with normal rabbit serum (similar to Fig. 1). In Fig. 3, the appearance of the virus particles (isometric morphology, 30 nm diameter, stain penetration of some particles, and morphological subunits in other particles) is characteristic of negatively stained MRFV particles. Decoration or coating of these particles with MRFV antiserum confirms their identification as MRFV (Fig. 4).

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Laws on rape in UK, Canada and Costa Rica and honour killing in Jordan

Reproductive Health Matters ◽

10.1016/s0968-8080(00)90037-5 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 8 (15) ◽

pp. 172-173

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Honour Killing

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Social representations of human rights violations: Further evidence

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.60.2.89 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 89-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Alain Clémence ◽

Thierry Devos ◽

Willem Doise

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Human Rights ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Young People ◽

Social Representations ◽

Social Reality ◽

Questionnaire Study ◽

Human Rights Violations ◽

High Tolerance ◽

Individual Actions

Social representations of human rights violations were investigated in a questionnaire study conducted in five countries (Costa Rica, France, Italy, Romania, and Switzerland) (N = 1239 young people). We were able to show that respondents organize their understanding of human rights violations in similar ways across nations. At the same time, systematic variations characterized opinions about human rights violations, and the structure of these variations was similar across national contexts. Differences in definitions of human rights violations were identified by a cluster analysis. A broader definition was related to critical attitudes toward governmental and institutional abuses of power, whereas a more restricted definition was rooted in a fatalistic conception of social reality, approval of social regulations, and greater tolerance for institutional infringements of privacy. An atypical definition was anchored either in a strong rejection of social regulations or in a strong condemnation of immoral individual actions linked with a high tolerance for governmental interference. These findings support the idea that contrasting definitions of human rights coexist and that these definitions are underpinned by a set of beliefs regarding the relationships between individuals and institutions.

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