scholarly journals Secondary attack rates of COVID-19 in Norwegian families: a nation-wide register-based study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjetil Telle ◽  
Silje B. Jørgensen ◽  
Rannveig Hart ◽  
Margrethe Greve-Isdahl ◽  
Oliver Kacelnik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Index Child ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
Index Family

AbstractTo characterize the family index case for detected SARS-CoV-2 and describe testing and secondary attack rates in the family, we used individual-level administrative data of all families and all PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Norway in 2020. All families with at least one parent and one child below the age of 20 who lived at the same address (N = 662,582), where at least one member, i.e. the index case, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 2020, were included. Secondary attack rates (SAR7) were defined as the share of non-index family members with a positive PCR test within 7 days after the date when the index case tested positive. SARs were calculated separately for parent- and child-index cases, and for parent- and child-secondary cases. We identified 7548 families with an index case, comprising 26,991 individuals (12,184 parents, 14,808 children). The index was a parent in 66% of the cases. Among index children, 42% were in the age group 17–20 and only 8% in the age group 0–6. When the index was a parent, SAR7 was 24% (95% CI 24–25), whilst SAR7 was 14% (95% CI 13–15) when the index was a child. However, SAR7 was 24% (95% CI 20–28) when the index was a child aged 0–6 years and declined with increasing age of the index child. SAR7 from index parent to other parent was 35% (95% CI 33–36), and from index child to other children 12% (95% CI 11–13). SAR7 from index child aged 0–6 to parents was 27% (95% CI 22–33). The percent of non-index family members tested within 7 days after the index case, increased from about 20% in April to 80% in December, however, SAR7 stabilized at about 20% from May. We conclude that parents and older children are most often index cases for SARS-CoV-2 in families in Norway, while parents and young children more often transmit the virus within the family. This study suggests that whilst the absolute infection numbers are low for young children because of their low introduction rate, when infected, young children and parents transmit the virus to the same extent within the family.

scholarly journals Secondary Attack Rates of COVID-19 in Norwegian Families: A Nation-Wide Register-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjetil Telle ◽  
Silje B. Jørgensen ◽  
Rannveig Hart ◽  
Margrethe Greve-Isdahl ◽  
Oliver Kacelnik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Index Child ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
Index Family

Abstract To characterize the family index case for detected SARS-CoV-2 and describe testing and secondary attack rates in the family, we used individual-level administrative data of all families and all PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Norway in 2020. All families with at least one parent and one child below the age of 20 who lived at the same address (N=662 582), where at least one member, i.e. the index case, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 2020, were included. Secondary attack rates (SAR7) were defined as the share of non-index family members with a positive PCR test within seven days after the date when the index case tested positive. SARs were calculated separately for parent- and child-index cases, and for parent- and child-secondary cases. We identified 7548 families with an index case, comprising 26 991 individuals (12184 parents, 14808 children). The index was a parent in 66% of the cases. Among index children, 42% were in the age group 17-20 and only 8% in the age group 0-6. When the index was a parent, SAR7 was 24% (95%CI 24 to 25), whilst SAR7 was 14% (95%CI 13 to 15) when the index was a child. However, SAR7 was 24% (95%CI 20 to 28) when the index was a child aged 0-6 years and declined with increasing age of the index child. SAR7 from index parent to other parent was 35% (95%CI 33 to 36), and from index child to other children 12% (95%CI 11 to 13). SAR7 from index child aged 0-6 to parents was 27% (95%CI 22 to 33). The percent of non-index family members tested within 7 days after the index case, increased from about 20% in April to 80% in December, however, SAR7 stabilized at about 20% from May. We conclude that parents and older children are most often index cases for SARS-CoV-2 in families in Norway, while parents and young children more often transmit the virus within the family. This study suggests that whilst the absolute infection numbers are low for young children because of their low introduction rate, when infected, young children and parents transmit the virus to the same extent within the family.

scholarly journals Secondary attack rates of COVID-19 in Norwegian families: A nation-wide register-based study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjetil Telle ◽  
Silje B. Jørgensen ◽  
Rannveig Hart ◽  
Margrethe Greve-Isdahl ◽  
Oliver Kacelnik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Index Child ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
Index Family

Background Reported transmission rates of SARS-CoV-2 within families vary widely, and there are few reports on transmission from children to other family members. More knowledge is needed to guide infection control measures. Objective To characterize the family index case for detected SARS-CoV-2 and describe testing and secondary attack rates in the family. Design Register-based cohort study. Setting Individual-level administrative data of all families and all PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Norway in 2020. Participants All families with at least one parent and one child below the age of 20, who lived at the same address (N=662 582), where at least one member tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 2020. Main outcome measures Secondary attack rates (SAR7) were defined as the share of non-index family members with a positive PCR test within seven days of the index case. SARs were calculated separately for parent- and child-index cases, and for parent- and child-secondary cases. Results We identified 7548 index cases, comprising 26 991 individuals, of which 12184 were parents and 14808 children. The index was a parent in 66% of the cases. Among the children, 42% of the index cases were in the age group 17-20 and only 8% 0-6 years. When the index was a parent, SAR7 was 24% (95%CI 24 to 25), whilst SAR7 was 14% (95%CI 13 to 15) when the index was a child. However, SAR7 was 24% (95%CI 20 to 28) when the index was a child aged 0-6 years and declined steeply with increasing age of the index child. SAR7 from index parent to other parents was 35% (95%CI 33 to 36), and from index child to other children 12% (95%CI 11 to 13). SAR7 from index child aged 0-6 to parents was 27% (95%CI 22 to 33). The percent of non-index family members tested within 7 days after the index case, increased from about 20% in April to 80% in December, however, SAR7 stabilized at about 20% from May. Conclusion Parents and older children are most often index cases for SARS-CoV-2 in families in Norway, while parents and young children more often transmit the virus within the families. This study suggests that whilst the absolute infection numbers are low for young children because of their low introduction rate, when infected, young children and parents transmit the virus to the same extent within the family.

scholarly journals Impact of Delay in Diagnosis in Outcomes in MEN1: Results From the Dutch MEN1 Study Group

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel S. van Leeuwaarde ◽  
Bernadette P. M. van Nesselrooij ◽  
Ad R. Hermus ◽  
Olaf M. Dekkers ◽  
Wouter W. de Herder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lag Times ◽  
Index Cases

Abstract Objective: Identifying a germline mutation in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene in an index case has consequences for a whole family. Eligible family members should be offered genetic counseling and MEN1 mutation testing. Subsequently, clinical screening of mutation carriers according to the guidelines should be initiated. We assessed whether there is a lag time from MEN1 diagnosis of the index case to MEN1 diagnosis of family members. In addition, we determined whether this lag time was associated with an increased morbidity and mortality risk. Design: A cohort study was performed using the Dutch MEN1 database, including >90% of the Dutch MEN1 population >16 years of age (n = 393). Results: Fifty-eight MEN1 families were identified, of whom 57 were index cases and 247 were non-index cases (n = 304). The median lag time in MEN1 diagnosis of family members was 3.5 (range, 0–30) years. At the time of MEN1 diagnosis, 30 (12.1%) non-index cases had a duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, of whom 20% had metastases with a mean lag time of 10.9 years, in comparison with 7.1 years without metastases. Twenty-five (10.1%) non-index cases had a pituitary tumor, of whom 80% had a microadenoma and 20% had a macroadenoma, with mean lag times of 7.2 and 10.6 years, respectively. Ninety-five (38.4%) non-index cases had a primary hyperparathyroidism with a mean lag time of 9.5 years in comparison with seven patients without a primary hyperparathyroidism with a mean lag time of 3 years (P = .005). Ten non-index cases died because of a MEN1-related cause that developed during or before the lag time. Conclusion: There is a clinically relevant delay in MEN1 diagnosis in families because of a lag time between the diagnosis of an index case and the rest of the family. More emphasis should be placed on the conduct of proper counseling and genetic testing in all eligible family members.

scholarly journals A clinicoepidemiological study of familial leprosy

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-264
Author(s):  
Dilip Kumar N R ◽  
Shashikiran A R ◽  
Laxmi B Horatti
Keyword(s):  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Family ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Multibacillary Leprosy ◽  
Very High ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
Close Contacts

: Hansen’s disease (also known as leprosy) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae which can affect the skin, mucous membranes and nerves. It is known to spread among and infect family members. There are very few published studies pertaining to family leprosy conducted in India and worldwide. : To find the prevalence of familial leprosy and to know the clinicoepidemiological patterns of these cases.: Observational study.: This was a descriptive study conducted for a period of five years from 2013-2018. The study population included all new documented cases of leprosy visiting our out-patient department during the study period. All the patients were diagnosed as leprosy on histopathological confirmation or by the presence of cardinal signs of leprosy according to the world health organization (WHO) definition. The data collected was analysed by simple descriptive statistics. Permission to conduct the study was taken from institutional ethical committee. Consent was taken from index case and family members.: A total of 302 new leprosy cases with 18 index cases (n=18) whose family members were affected, accounting for the prevalence of 5.96 %. Total number of family members with documented leprosy (old or newly detected) was 26. So, the total number of leprosy cases were 44 (index cases + family members). Out of the 18 families, 4 families had more than one person who was affected. 8 cases (18.18%) of Childhood leprosy were noted. Among the index cases 4 cases (22%) of paucibacillary leprosy were seen and 14 cases (78%) of multibacillary leprosy was seen. Among the family members, 18 cases of paucibacillary leprosy were seen and 8 cases of multibacillary leprosy were seen. Conjugal leprosy was seen in 10 families accounting for the prevalence of 3.31%. : Our study intends to emphasize the importance of examining the close contacts of a case of leprosy, especially the family members in whom the incidence of leprosy could be very high. By way of identifying leprosy cases early in its course we may be able to prevent deformities to a great extent.

scholarly journals HTLV-1 infection is associated with a history of active tuberculosis among family members of HTLV-1-infected patients in Peru

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
pp. 1076-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. VERDONCK ◽  
E. GONZÁLEZ ◽  
W. SCHROOTEN ◽  
G. VANHAM ◽  
E. GOTUZZO
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
T Lymphotropic Virus ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Index Cases

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to assess the association between human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and a lifetime history of active tuberculosis (TB) among relatives of HTLV-1-infected patients. We reviewed clinical charts of all relatives of HTLV-1-infected index cases who attended our institute in Lima from 1990–2004. The data of 1233 relatives was analysed; 394 (32·0%) were HTLV-1 positive. Eighty-one subjects (6·6%) had a history of active TB, including 45/394 (11·4%) HTLV-1-positive and 36/839 (4·3%) HTLV-1-negative relatives (P<0·001). On multivariate analysis, three factors were associated with TB history: HTLV-1 infection (adjusted OR 2·5, 95% CI 1·6–3·9), age (adjusted OR 1·3, 95% CI 1·1–1·5 per 10-year age increase) and relation to the index case (adjusted OR 2·6, 95% CI 1·3–5·1, for siblingsvs. spouses of index cases). In conclusion, HTLV-1 infection may increase the susceptibility to active TB. In populations where both infections are frequent, such an association could affect the dynamics of TB.

Impact of family demands and family strengths and capabilities on family well-being and adaptation after critical injury

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Leske ◽  
MK Jiricka
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Family Strengths ◽  
Family Adaptation ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Demands ◽  
Index Family ◽  
Critical Injury

BACKGROUND: Increases in demands on patients' family members that are not reduced by family strengths may contribute to decreases in family adaptation and complicate patients' recovery after trauma. The purpose of this study was to examine family demands (prior stressors and severity of patients' injuries) and family strengths and capabilities (hardiness, resources, coping, and problem-solving communication) associated with outcomes of family well-being and adaptation. METHODS: A multivariate, descriptive design based on the Resiliency Model of Family Stress was used. A convenience sample of family members (N = 51) of adult patients participated within the first 2 days of critical injury. Family demands were measured with the Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes and the Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation III. Family strengths were measured with the Family Hardiness Index, Family Inventory of Resources for Management, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale, and Family Problem Solving Communication Index. Family adaptation outcomes were measured with the Family Well Being Index and Family Adaptation Scale. RESULTS: Increases in family demands were significantly related to decreases in family strengths and family adaptation. Family demands scores accounted for 40% of the variance in family well-being scores. The only significant family strength variable influencing family adaptation was problem-solving communication. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in family demands seem to be an important indicator of the amount of assistance a family may need. Interventions that help mobilize family strengths, such as problem-solving communication, may be effective in promoting the adaptation of families of critically injured patients.

scholarly journals Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in educational institutions, August to December 2020, Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Schoeps ◽  
Dietmar Hoffmann ◽  
Claudia Tamm ◽  
Bianca Vollmer ◽  
Sabine Haag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mandatory Notification ◽  
Day Care Centres ◽  
Index Cases

Abstract This study aims at providing estimates on the transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 in schools and day-care centres. We calculated secondary attack rates (SARs) using individual-level data from state-wide mandatory notification of index cases in educational institutions, followed by contact tracing and PCR-testing of high-risk contacts. From August to December 2020, every sixth of overall 784 independent index cases was associated with secondary cases in educational institutions. Monitoring of 14 594 institutional high-risk contacts (89% PCR-tested) of 441 index cases during quarantine revealed 196 secondary cases (SAR 1.34%, 0.99–1.78). SARS-CoV-2 infection among high-risk contacts was more likely around teacher-indexes compared to student-/child-indexes (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 3.17, 1.79–5.59), and in day-care centres compared to secondary schools (IRR 3.23, 1.76–5.91), mainly due to clusters around teacher-indexes in day-care containing a higher mean number of secondary cases per index case (142/113 = 1.26) than clusters around student-indexes in schools (82/474 = 0.17). In 2020, SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk in educational settings was low overall, but varied strongly between setting and role of the index case, indicating the chance for targeted intervention. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in educational institutions can powerfully inform public health policy and improve educational justice during the pandemic.

Familial Stuttering Patterns Are Not Related to One Measure of Severity

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth K. Kidd ◽  
Raymond C. Heimbuch ◽  
Mary Ann Records ◽  
Gary Oehlert ◽  
Ronald L. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Oral Reading ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Exact Relationship ◽  
Index Cases

The possibility of a genetic component to the severity of stuttering was investigated using data on 184 adult stutterers and their families. Frequency of stuttering during a pre-treatment oral reading task was used as the severity measure for each of the index cases. Information on whether or not a relative ever stuttered was obtained on all first degree relatives. The family data variables, including sex and exact relationship, combined with birthdate and sex of index case were used in three types of analyses: multiple regressions, AID regressions, and stepwise regressions. None of the variables tested, including stuttering among first degree relatives, was a predictor of severity of stuttering in the index case. We conclude that this measure of severity is not related to the genetic factors which predispose to stuttering.

Perceptual Assessment of Resonance Distortion in Unoperated Clefts of the Secondary Palate

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mayo ◽  
Rodger M. Dalston ◽  
Donald W. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Secondary Palate ◽  
Palate Repair ◽  
Perceptual Assessment ◽  
Nasal Resonance

The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency with which five speech-language pathologists made judgments of hypernasality during the clinical assessment of young children with unoperated and repaired clefts of the secondary palate. Among the 293 nonsyndromic patients with secondary palate clefts included in this study, 219 were between 1 and 2 years of age. Of those, 83 had undergone primary palatoplasty whereas 136 had not. The remaining 74 children were between the ages of 4 and 5 years and presented with repaired secondary palatal clefts. The results showed that the clinicians were unable or unwilling to assess hypernasality in 31% of the 1 to 2 year old children with unoperated clefts. The same clinicians failed to evaluate oral-nasal resonance balance in only 12% of the children in the 1- to 2-year age group who had undergone palate repair. Only 1 of the 74 older children (1.4%) was not evaluated for hypernasality. Possible explanations for these findings are presented and discussed.

scholarly journals Young children and adults associate social power with indifference to others' needs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Frank Terrizzi ◽  
Amanda Woodward ◽  
Jonathan Sage Beier
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Vertical Relationships ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
The Future

In hierarchical societies, what do we expect from people at the top? Early in life, children use horizontal relationships (e.g., affiliation) to predict selectivity in others’ prosocial behavior. But it is unknown whether they also view asymmetries in prosocial behavior as characteristic of vertical relationships (e.g., differences in social power). In two experiments, we investigated 4- to 7-year-old children’s and adults’ (N = 192) intuitions about links between relative authority status, helpful action, and unhelpful inaction. In Experiment 1, participants at all ages viewed a character who chose not to help another person as holding a position of authority over them; they also viewed this unhelpful character as less nice than the person in need. However, no age group made consistent inferences about the relative authority of a helper and helpee. In Experiment 2, children had mixed intuitions when separately predicting whether high- and low-authority characters would be helpful in the future. However, older children and adults consistently indicated that a subordinate would be more likely than an authority to help a third party. These findings establish that children’s social theories include expectations for links between power and prosociality by at least the preschool years. Whereas some judgments in this domain are stable from 4 years onward, others emerge gradually. Whether consistent responses occurred early or only later in development, however, all measures converged on a single intuition: People more easily associate authority with indifference to others’ needs.

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