scholarly journals A clinicoepidemiological study of familial leprosy

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-264
Author(s):  
Dilip Kumar N R ◽  
Shashikiran A R ◽  
Laxmi B Horatti
Keyword(s):  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Family ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Multibacillary Leprosy ◽  
Very High ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
Close Contacts

: Hansen’s disease (also known as leprosy) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae which can affect the skin, mucous membranes and nerves. It is known to spread among and infect family members. There are very few published studies pertaining to family leprosy conducted in India and worldwide. : To find the prevalence of familial leprosy and to know the clinicoepidemiological patterns of these cases.: Observational study.: This was a descriptive study conducted for a period of five years from 2013-2018. The study population included all new documented cases of leprosy visiting our out-patient department during the study period. All the patients were diagnosed as leprosy on histopathological confirmation or by the presence of cardinal signs of leprosy according to the world health organization (WHO) definition. The data collected was analysed by simple descriptive statistics. Permission to conduct the study was taken from institutional ethical committee. Consent was taken from index case and family members.: A total of 302 new leprosy cases with 18 index cases (n=18) whose family members were affected, accounting for the prevalence of 5.96 %. Total number of family members with documented leprosy (old or newly detected) was 26. So, the total number of leprosy cases were 44 (index cases + family members). Out of the 18 families, 4 families had more than one person who was affected. 8 cases (18.18%) of Childhood leprosy were noted. Among the index cases 4 cases (22%) of paucibacillary leprosy were seen and 14 cases (78%) of multibacillary leprosy was seen. Among the family members, 18 cases of paucibacillary leprosy were seen and 8 cases of multibacillary leprosy were seen. Conjugal leprosy was seen in 10 families accounting for the prevalence of 3.31%. : Our study intends to emphasize the importance of examining the close contacts of a case of leprosy, especially the family members in whom the incidence of leprosy could be very high. By way of identifying leprosy cases early in its course we may be able to prevent deformities to a great extent.

scholarly journals Impact of Delay in Diagnosis in Outcomes in MEN1: Results From the Dutch MEN1 Study Group

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel S. van Leeuwaarde ◽  
Bernadette P. M. van Nesselrooij ◽  
Ad R. Hermus ◽  
Olaf M. Dekkers ◽  
Wouter W. de Herder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lag Times ◽  
Index Cases

Abstract Objective: Identifying a germline mutation in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene in an index case has consequences for a whole family. Eligible family members should be offered genetic counseling and MEN1 mutation testing. Subsequently, clinical screening of mutation carriers according to the guidelines should be initiated. We assessed whether there is a lag time from MEN1 diagnosis of the index case to MEN1 diagnosis of family members. In addition, we determined whether this lag time was associated with an increased morbidity and mortality risk. Design: A cohort study was performed using the Dutch MEN1 database, including >90% of the Dutch MEN1 population >16 years of age (n = 393). Results: Fifty-eight MEN1 families were identified, of whom 57 were index cases and 247 were non-index cases (n = 304). The median lag time in MEN1 diagnosis of family members was 3.5 (range, 0–30) years. At the time of MEN1 diagnosis, 30 (12.1%) non-index cases had a duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, of whom 20% had metastases with a mean lag time of 10.9 years, in comparison with 7.1 years without metastases. Twenty-five (10.1%) non-index cases had a pituitary tumor, of whom 80% had a microadenoma and 20% had a macroadenoma, with mean lag times of 7.2 and 10.6 years, respectively. Ninety-five (38.4%) non-index cases had a primary hyperparathyroidism with a mean lag time of 9.5 years in comparison with seven patients without a primary hyperparathyroidism with a mean lag time of 3 years (P = .005). Ten non-index cases died because of a MEN1-related cause that developed during or before the lag time. Conclusion: There is a clinically relevant delay in MEN1 diagnosis in families because of a lag time between the diagnosis of an index case and the rest of the family. More emphasis should be placed on the conduct of proper counseling and genetic testing in all eligible family members.

scholarly journals Secondary attack rates of COVID-19 in Norwegian families: a nation-wide register-based study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjetil Telle ◽  
Silje B. Jørgensen ◽  
Rannveig Hart ◽  
Margrethe Greve-Isdahl ◽  
Oliver Kacelnik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Index Child ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
Index Family

AbstractTo characterize the family index case for detected SARS-CoV-2 and describe testing and secondary attack rates in the family, we used individual-level administrative data of all families and all PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Norway in 2020. All families with at least one parent and one child below the age of 20 who lived at the same address (N = 662,582), where at least one member, i.e. the index case, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 2020, were included. Secondary attack rates (SAR7) were defined as the share of non-index family members with a positive PCR test within 7 days after the date when the index case tested positive. SARs were calculated separately for parent- and child-index cases, and for parent- and child-secondary cases. We identified 7548 families with an index case, comprising 26,991 individuals (12,184 parents, 14,808 children). The index was a parent in 66% of the cases. Among index children, 42% were in the age group 17–20 and only 8% in the age group 0–6. When the index was a parent, SAR7 was 24% (95% CI 24–25), whilst SAR7 was 14% (95% CI 13–15) when the index was a child. However, SAR7 was 24% (95% CI 20–28) when the index was a child aged 0–6 years and declined with increasing age of the index child. SAR7 from index parent to other parent was 35% (95% CI 33–36), and from index child to other children 12% (95% CI 11–13). SAR7 from index child aged 0–6 to parents was 27% (95% CI 22–33). The percent of non-index family members tested within 7 days after the index case, increased from about 20% in April to 80% in December, however, SAR7 stabilized at about 20% from May. We conclude that parents and older children are most often index cases for SARS-CoV-2 in families in Norway, while parents and young children more often transmit the virus within the family. This study suggests that whilst the absolute infection numbers are low for young children because of their low introduction rate, when infected, young children and parents transmit the virus to the same extent within the family.

scholarly journals Secondary Attack Rates of COVID-19 in Norwegian Families: A Nation-Wide Register-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjetil Telle ◽  
Silje B. Jørgensen ◽  
Rannveig Hart ◽  
Margrethe Greve-Isdahl ◽  
Oliver Kacelnik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Index Child ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
Index Family

Abstract To characterize the family index case for detected SARS-CoV-2 and describe testing and secondary attack rates in the family, we used individual-level administrative data of all families and all PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Norway in 2020. All families with at least one parent and one child below the age of 20 who lived at the same address (N=662 582), where at least one member, i.e. the index case, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 2020, were included. Secondary attack rates (SAR7) were defined as the share of non-index family members with a positive PCR test within seven days after the date when the index case tested positive. SARs were calculated separately for parent- and child-index cases, and for parent- and child-secondary cases. We identified 7548 families with an index case, comprising 26 991 individuals (12184 parents, 14808 children). The index was a parent in 66% of the cases. Among index children, 42% were in the age group 17-20 and only 8% in the age group 0-6. When the index was a parent, SAR7 was 24% (95%CI 24 to 25), whilst SAR7 was 14% (95%CI 13 to 15) when the index was a child. However, SAR7 was 24% (95%CI 20 to 28) when the index was a child aged 0-6 years and declined with increasing age of the index child. SAR7 from index parent to other parent was 35% (95%CI 33 to 36), and from index child to other children 12% (95%CI 11 to 13). SAR7 from index child aged 0-6 to parents was 27% (95%CI 22 to 33). The percent of non-index family members tested within 7 days after the index case, increased from about 20% in April to 80% in December, however, SAR7 stabilized at about 20% from May. We conclude that parents and older children are most often index cases for SARS-CoV-2 in families in Norway, while parents and young children more often transmit the virus within the family. This study suggests that whilst the absolute infection numbers are low for young children because of their low introduction rate, when infected, young children and parents transmit the virus to the same extent within the family.

scholarly journals Domestic violence challenge and COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzieh Nojomi ◽  
Ebrahim Babaee
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Family Members ◽  
World Health ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
The Family ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Staying At Home

By the emergence of the COVID-19 transfers and relocation of people to prevent the spread of infection have been restricted. Long term staying at home during an epidemic increases the probability of interpersonal friction and conflict. During this time, the family members get close together and interactions between family members may be increased. Restricting people's movements during an epidemic can lead to psychological consequences such as stress, anxiety, and domestic violence consequently. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasis that with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, and stress have increased worldwide notably.

THE EFFECT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIA PROCESS ON THE FAMILY

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Şeymanur ÇELİK ◽  
Edanur ÇAK
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Family Members ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
At Home

The coronavirus infection epidemic, declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, emerged in China in late 2019. In addition to the measures announced by the World Health Organization in order to prevent the epidemic and protect public health during the COVID-19 pandemic process we are in, travel restrictions planned and implemented by the country's governments, social distance rule, curfew, social isolation, quarantine, flexibility in working hours, distance education and The practice of working from home has changed people's lives. Various measures have been taken to protect the individual and the society, with calls such as "Stay at Home" and "Life Comes Home". In general, all these measures, restrictions and curfews have affected the society, but have also caused changes in the functioning of the family institution, the smallest structure of the society, and the roles of family members. During the COVID-19 pandemic process, family members had to spend most of their time at home and family members of all ages were affected by this obligation. Families have had to cope with difficulties such as the use of masks, social distance, isolation and quarantine in daily life and get used to this life order. In order to prevent contamination of family members with COVID-19 infection to other family members, the death of the family member with COVID-19 infection, the sickness of other family members, along with difficulties such as ensuring the effectiveness and continuity of domestic hygiene, maintaining physical distance, using a mask at home, many mental difficulties were also experienced due to reasons such as not adapting to the lifestyle. It was necessary to reveal how the process, which affects life to a great extent and requires such measures, which is difficult and with a high stress burden, affects the family institution, the smallest unit of the society. In this context, in this study, in line with the literature, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic process on family life and family members in the home environment will be discussed.

scholarly journals Secondary attack rates of COVID-19 in Norwegian families: A nation-wide register-based study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjetil Telle ◽  
Silje B. Jørgensen ◽  
Rannveig Hart ◽  
Margrethe Greve-Isdahl ◽  
Oliver Kacelnik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Index Child ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
Index Family

Background Reported transmission rates of SARS-CoV-2 within families vary widely, and there are few reports on transmission from children to other family members. More knowledge is needed to guide infection control measures. Objective To characterize the family index case for detected SARS-CoV-2 and describe testing and secondary attack rates in the family. Design Register-based cohort study. Setting Individual-level administrative data of all families and all PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Norway in 2020. Participants All families with at least one parent and one child below the age of 20, who lived at the same address (N=662 582), where at least one member tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 2020. Main outcome measures Secondary attack rates (SAR7) were defined as the share of non-index family members with a positive PCR test within seven days of the index case. SARs were calculated separately for parent- and child-index cases, and for parent- and child-secondary cases. Results We identified 7548 index cases, comprising 26 991 individuals, of which 12184 were parents and 14808 children. The index was a parent in 66% of the cases. Among the children, 42% of the index cases were in the age group 17-20 and only 8% 0-6 years. When the index was a parent, SAR7 was 24% (95%CI 24 to 25), whilst SAR7 was 14% (95%CI 13 to 15) when the index was a child. However, SAR7 was 24% (95%CI 20 to 28) when the index was a child aged 0-6 years and declined steeply with increasing age of the index child. SAR7 from index parent to other parents was 35% (95%CI 33 to 36), and from index child to other children 12% (95%CI 11 to 13). SAR7 from index child aged 0-6 to parents was 27% (95%CI 22 to 33). The percent of non-index family members tested within 7 days after the index case, increased from about 20% in April to 80% in December, however, SAR7 stabilized at about 20% from May. Conclusion Parents and older children are most often index cases for SARS-CoV-2 in families in Norway, while parents and young children more often transmit the virus within the families. This study suggests that whilst the absolute infection numbers are low for young children because of their low introduction rate, when infected, young children and parents transmit the virus to the same extent within the family.

scholarly journals The Bilateral Occurrence of Dental Caries Among 12-13 and 15-19 Year Old School Children

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Hussain Wyne
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Conditional Probability ◽  
School Children ◽  
World Health ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Very High

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the bilateral occurrence of dental caries in 12-13 year old and 15-19 year old Saudi school children. There were 673 children (324 boys and 349 girls) in the 12-13 year old group and 734 children (399 boys and 335 girls) in the 15-19 year old group with mean ages of 13.1 (SD 0.7) years and 16.4 (SD 1.2) years, respectively. All children were examined for dental caries using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the diagnosis of dental caries. There were no significant differences between the caries prevalence of right and left sides for most teeth at the significance level of 0.05. Among 12-13 year old children, maxillary first molars (86.5%), mandibular central incisors (86.2%), and mandibular first molars (86.0%) showed very high (p < .01) caries bilaterality. Among the 15-19 year old children, mandibular first molars (91.6%), maxillary first molars (87.9%), and mandibular second molars (79.9%) showed very high (p < .01) caries bilaterality. The conditional probability for bilateral occurrence of caries was highest in first molars followed by second molars and central incisors. The bilateral caries occurrence and conditional probability for bilateral caries occurrence were significantly higher (p < .05) in 15-19 year old children as compared to 12-13 year old children. It was concluded caries bilaterality and the conditional probability for bilateral caries occurrence was high in the study population. Citation Wyne AH. The Bilateral Occurrence of Dental Caries Among 12-13 and 15-19 Year Old School Children. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 February;(5)1:042-052.

How India Fights with COVID-19 with Learning from Highly Affected Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Sharma ◽  
Karan Veer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Very High ◽  
Breathing Problem

: It was 11 March 2020 when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the name COVID-19 for coronavirus disease and also described it as a pandemic. Till that day 118,000 cases were confirmed of pneumonia with breathing problem throughout the world. At the start of New Year when COVID-19 came into knowledge a few days later, the gene sequencing of the virus was revealed. Today the number of confirmed cases is scary, i.e. 9,472,473 in the whole world and 484,236 deaths have been recorded by WHO till 26 June 2020. WHO's global risk assessment is very high [1]. The report is enlightening the lessons learned by India from the highly affected countries.

scholarly journals Occupational health risk among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: actions to limit the risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Casper
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Very High

AbstractThe World Health Organization declared coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic in March 2020. The infection with coronavirus started in Wuhan city, China, in December 2019. As of October 2020, the disease was reported in 235 countries. The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. As of February 2021, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally is 102,942,987 and 2,232,233 deaths according to WHO report. This infection is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) β-coronavirus. The infection is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets.Healthcare workers (HCWs) play an essential role at the front lines, providing care for patients infected with this highly transmittable disease. They are exposed to very high occupational health risk as they frequently contact the infective persons. In order to limit the number of infected cases and deaths among healthcare workers, it is crucial to have better awareness, optimistic attitude, efficient PPE, and adequate health practices about COVID-19.

International Conference on Child Day-Care Health: Opening Remarks

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-987
Author(s):  
Hu Ching-Li
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
World Health ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Infant And Young Child ◽  
The Family ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

It is important to recall the definition of health embodied in the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) over 45 years ago: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic, or social condition." Among the Organization's mandated functions is "to promote maternal and child health and welfare and to foster the ability to live harmoniously in a changing total environment." The challenge of that task is no less today than it was then. Historically, societies have evolved various patterns of family structure for social and economic functions. In preindustrial societies there evolved a great concordance between these functions, with many of the health, developmental, and socialization functions taking place first within the family and then within the immediate community. The rapid social changes of both the industrial and information revolutions have changed drastically the functions of the family, and have shifted many of the health, developmental, and social functions to nonfamily institutions, from which families are often excluded or marginally involved. Much of the international attention to child health in this last decade has been directed at simple interventions to prevent the nearly 13 million deaths each year of children under 5: universal child immunization; the control of diarrheal and acute respiratory diseases; and infant and young child nutrition, particularly breast-feeding.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document