Evaluating the Efficiency of a Uniform N-Input Tax under Different Policy Scenarios at Different Scales

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Alain Jayet ◽  
Athanasios Petsakos
Keyword(s):  
N Input ◽  
Ecosystems ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L. Vourlitis ◽  
Sarah C. Pasquini ◽  
Robert Mustard
Keyword(s):  

foresight ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-553
Author(s):  
Ferdy Novianto ◽  
Sumartono Sumartono ◽  
Irwan Noor ◽  
Lely Indah Mindarti

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure to the success of energy subsidy policy, to examine the effect of moderation of variable scenario of renewable energy policy on the influence of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucracy structure on the success of energy subsidy policy. Design/methodology/approach This study was purposively (based on specific objectives) conducted in Jakarta, which is associated with the implementation and subsidy policy scenario, the study focused on the center of government, namely, the capital city, Jakarta. Collection of data in this research survey was conducted in June-August 2017. The sampling technique was proportional stratified random sampling that took up most of the 770 members of Masyarakat Peduli Energi dan Lingkungan and Masyarakat Energi Terbarukan Indonesia using a representative sample of results that have the ability to be generalized. Based on the formula Slovin (Solimun and Fernandes, 2017), a sample of 145 respondents was obtained. The research approach used was a quantitative with the analysis tool called the generalized structure component analysis. Findings This paper exhibited that all relationships between variables have a p-value of 0.05 except the third moderation and fourth moderation relationship. So it can be said that all relationships between variables are significant except the relationship between the variables of moderation to the relationship between the disposition variable (X3) on the successful implementation of subsidy policy (Y) and the relationship between the moderation variable to the relationship between bureaucracy structure variable (X4) to the successful implementation of subsidy policy. Originality/value The originality of the research refers to the following: The Policy Theory described by Edwards III (1980), and reinforced by the findings of Ratminto and Winarsih (2005), and Bloom et al. (2009), that communication, resources, dispositions and bureaucratic structures affect the success of the energy subsidy policy. This becomes the formulation of a hypothesized research problem whether communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure affect the success of the energy subsidy policy. In fact, the conditions in Indonesia are quite different from the Western world, and the system in Indonesia has embraced subsidies. Therefore, this study also examines the moderating effects of renewable energy policy scenarios in the relationship between communication, resources, dispositions and bureaucratic structures on the success of the subsidy policy energy. Given that there is no strong theory that examines the effects of moderation of these four factors on the success of the energy subsidy policy. Therefore, as the development of Edward III Theory, this study examines the proposition of whether renewable energy policy scenarios reinforce or weaken (moderation effects) on the effects of communication, resources, dispositions and bureaucratic structures on the success of energy subsidy policies.


Energy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 952-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Garg ◽  
Jyoti Maheshwari ◽  
P.R. Shukla ◽  
Rajan Rawal

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Storm ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
R. Smart

Four experiments were conducted with eighteen lambs sustained entirely by intragastric nutrition at gross energy inputs varying from 430 to 860 kJ/kg live weight0·75 (W0·75). Isolated rumen micro-organisms (RMO) were infused into the abomasum in quantities varying from 0 to 2 g digestible N/kg W0·75 to assess the increase in N balance as a result of increasing RMO input when N was limiting.The over-all utilization of N from RMO (RMO-N) could be described by the equation y = 0·543 x −0·457, residual SD = 0·037, where y is the N balance and x is the abomasal input of RMO-N, both expressed in g/kg W0·75. Thus the coefficient of efficiency of utilization of infused RMO-N was 0·543 (SE 0·008). The coefficient of efficiency of utilization of RMO-N truly digested (i.e. the biological value) was 0·659 (SE 0·015).The RMO-N input (mean with SE) at N equilibrium was 0·843 (0·009) g/kg W0·75. The true digestibility of RMO-N was 0·813 (0·004). The urinary N excretion when no N was infused was 0·329 (0·008) g/kg W0·75 and the N excreted via the faeces with zero N input was 0·036 (0·009) g/kg W0·75.


2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Ana Dolores Santiago de Freitas ◽  
Everardo Sampaio ◽  
Carolina Santos ◽  
Aleksandro Silva ◽  
Renata Carvalho

A fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) é a principal forma de entrada de N em ecossistemas naturais e em sistemas agrícolas de subsistência, como os praticados predominantemente no Semiárido brasileiro. Estimativas dos aportes de N na Caatinga e em cultivos de importância para a região ainda são escassas, em parte pela dificuldade de medir simultaneamente as proporções de N derivadas da atmosfera (%Ndda) e as produções de biomassa no mesmo sistema. Estudos pioneiros indicam que diversas espécies de leguminosas, herbáceas e arbóreas, nativas e/ou cultivadas, podem fixar elevadas proporções de seu N. Em Caatinga bem preservada, os aportes de N em leguminosas arbóreas foram estimados em 11 kg ha-1 ano-1, um valor relativamente baixo devido à baixa densidade de plantas fixadoras. Entretanto, a densidade de leguminosas fixadoras na vegetação não é o único fator definindo o aporte de N, pois há observações de ausência de FBN em áreas de Caatinga em regeneração, dominadas por espécies fixadoras. No estrato herbáceo, os aportes de N podem chegar a 6 kg ha-1 ano-1, nas áreas com menor cobertura de arbóreas. As quantidades de N fixadas nos diferentes sistemas de cultivo são pouco conhecidas. Para o feijão-caupi, a FBN pode se aproximar dos 30 kg ha-1, em cultivos consorciados com milho, chegando a 45 kg ha-1, em cultivos solteiros. Em cultivos irrigados, adubos verdes podem adicionar 185 kg ha-1, superando a quantidade exportada nas colheitas. Em sistemas agroflorestais, a adição anual de N pode chegar a 40 kg ha-1. Não existem estimativas do N fixado em gramíneas na região, mas algumas espécies apresentem potencial de FBN. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the main N input in natural ecosystems and in subsistence agricultural systems, such as those commonly practiced in the Brazilian semiarid region. Estimates of N inputs in Caatinga and the main regional crops are still scarce, partly due to the difficulty in measuring concomitantly the proportion of plant N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) and the amount of biomass produced in the same system. Pioneer studies indicate that several legume species, herbs and trees, native and/or cultivated, can fix large proportions of their N. In mature Caatinga, N inputs in tree legumes were estimated at 11 kg ha-1 year-1, a relatively low value due to the low plant density of the legume species. However, plant density is not the only factor defining N input, since absence of fixation has been reported in regenerating Caatinga, even in those dominated by potentially fixing species. In the herb stratum, N input up to 6 kg ha-1 year-1 has been reported in areas with lower tree cover. Inputs in crop systems are largely unknown. Fixation in cowpea can reach 30 kg ha-1, in plants consortiated with corn, and 45 kg ha-1, in single crop. Under irrigation, green manure crops can add 185 kg ha-1 of fixed N, more than the amounts exported by the main crop. In agroforest systems, the annual input may reach 40 kg ha-1. There are no publish reports on N biologically fixed by Poaceae species growing in the semiarid region but it is known that some species have the potential to fix. Keywords: N-15 natural abundance, slash and burn agriculture, diazotrophic microorganism, rhizobia, symbiosis.   


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R Hester ◽  
Sarah F. Harpenslager ◽  
Josepha MH van Diggelen ◽  
Leon L Lamers ◽  
Mike SM Jetten ◽  
...  

AbstractWetland ecosystems are important reservoirs of biodiversity and significantly contribute to emissions of the greenhouse gases CO2, N2O and CH4. High anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs from agriculture and fossil fuel combustion have been recognized as a severe threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning such as control of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore it is important to understand how increased N input into pristine wetlands affects the composition and activity of micro-organisms, especially in interaction with dominant wetland plants. In a series of incubations analyzed over 90 days, we disentangle the effects of N fertilization on the microbial community in bulk soil and the rhizosphere ofJuncus acutiflorus, a common and abundant graminoid wetland plant. We observed an increase in greenhouse gas emissions when N is increased in incubations withJ. acutiflorus, changing the system from a greenhouse gas sink to a source. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomics, we determined that the bacterial orders Opitutales, Subgroup-6 Acidobacteria and Sphingobacteriales significantly responded to high N availability and we hypothesize that these groups are contributing to the increased greenhouse gas emissions. These results indicated that increased N input leads to shifts in microbial activity within the rhizosphere, severely altering N cycling dynamics. Our study provides a framework for connecting environmental conditions of wetland bulk and rhizosphere soil to the structure and metabolic output of microbial communities.


Energy Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 172-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah E. Daly ◽  
Brian P. Ó Gallachóir
Keyword(s):  

Energy Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 607-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Zafeiriou ◽  
Konstantinos Petridis ◽  
Christos Karelakis ◽  
Garyfallos Arabatzis

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