Preservation Method of Rumen Fluid Collected From Harvested Cattle Alters in vitro Digestibility of Reference Feedstuffs

The objective of our experiment was to evaluate preservation and revitalization strategies for rumen inoculum anticipating research and veterinary applications. Rumen fluid samples were collected from 12 harvested cattle. Liquid samples were divided into five 500-mL aliquots which were randomly allocated to one of five treatments in a 2 × 2 + 1 augmented factorial design. Factors included preservation method [freezing (FZN) or lyophilization (LYO)] and preservative (glycerol; + or –). A fresh control (CON) was maintained from each sample. Feedstuffs used in this experiment were alfalfa hay, Coastal bermudagrass hay, cracked maize, rice bran, and soybean meal. Reference feedstuffs were subjected to batch culture in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD) assays using inoculum from each of the five treatments. There was an effect (P < 0.05) of preservation method, preservative, and their interaction for both IVTD and IVNDFD of each of the five references feedstuffs. Freezing or lyophilization of rumen inoculum reduced (P < 0.05) IVTD and IVNDFD of reference feeds relative to the CON. Despite lower degradation of feeds when frozen or lyophilized rumen fluid was used rather than fresh, differences between them in IVTD and IVNDFD suggest that, in the absence of fresh inoculum, preserved rumen fluid may be a viable option for veterinary applications, such as transfaunation, but likely will not be viable for research applications.

Nutritive Value Variation and In Vitro Digestibility of Hempseed Meal

Hempseed meal (HSM) is left after oil extraction of hemp and may act as a protein source in livestock. The first phase of this research evaluated variation in nutritive value and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of HSM from various sources in North America; the second phase utilized IVDMD to evaluate the efficacy of hempseed meal as an ingredient in ruminant feed. In phase one, the source had no contribution to variance for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), or crude protein (CP) (p ≥ 0.20). However, batch within source contributed to variation for NDF (50%), ADF (37%), ADL (13%), and CP (31%; p ≤ 0.01). Irrespective of differences in nutritive value, there was no contribution to variation (p = 0.23) of any measured response on in vitro true digestibility (53.0%). In phase two, two experiments evaluated HSM IVDMD as (1) a concentrate replacement or (2) a protein replacement in rations at varying rates. In the first experiment, IVDMD decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing levels of HSM. In the second experiment, IVDMD decreased (p < 0.01) as HSM inclusion increased. Although IVDMD decreased as HSM inclusion increased, values still met the digestibility threshold for ruminant rations, indicating that HSM has potential as an alternative protein ingredient.

True digestibility of the essential amino acids of high-protein sunflower meals by balanced experiments with intact and caecectomized birds from Gallus species

Using adapted methods for balanced experiments with poultry, the true digestibility coefficients of the essential amino acids of two high protein sunflower meals – 40+® and 47® have been established. The true digestibility coefficients by using two methods – with intact and randomized (caecectomized) birds have been compared. Six birds were tube fed and six – feed deprived for both of the fodders. The amino acids were established with amino analyzer AAA-881 after preliminary HCl hydrolysis. The mean digestibility of sunflower meal 40+® is higher in intact (88.11 versus 85.73 of sunflower meal 47®) compared to randomized birds (87.20 versus 85.46 of sunflower meal 47®). The differences by lots are statistically significant only in intact birds. The authors recommend for practical needs to use the average true digestibility coefficients between both meals, established with randomized birds (ileal digestibility).

295 Effects of Live Yeast and Ruminal Environment on Beef Cattle Diet Digestibility: An in vitro Approach

The effects of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and ruminal environment on in vitro true digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and fiber components were evaluated. Ruminally-cannulated beef steers (n = 4; BW = 520 ± 30 kg) were used in a cross-over design to serve as donors of ruminal content. In vitro substrates (6 grower and 6 finisher diets) and individual ingredients (steam-flaked corn, wet corn gluten feed, and old-world bluestem hay) were dehydrated (55o C), ground (1 mm), and incubated using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: a) the presence or not of yeast (8×109 CFU/animal-daily adjusted to a 70 L ruminal content volume), and b) two ruminal inoculums collected from donors fed a grower (50:50) or a finisher (92:08) diet (concentrate:forage). Four incubation batches (experimental unit) were performed, in which the initial two batches were performed followed by another two after animals switched diets and were adapted again during 21d. A Daisy in vitro incubation system was used, and samples incubated for 48h (39°C). The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS was used for the statistical analysis. No 3-way interactions (P ≥ 0.71) or 2-way interactions with substrate were observed (P ≥ 0.25). The in vitro true digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and hemicellulose increased when yeast was added to the incubator containing a 50:50 ruminal content (Rumen × Yeast; P ≤ 0.02). The ADF digestibility increased (P = 0.02) with yeast addition regardless of ruminal content type (50:50 or 92:08). As expected, finisher substrate diets were more (P &lt; 0.01) digestible than grower diets. The combination of live yeast and a specific ruminal environment seemed to be more important than substrate type, in which live yeast improved in vitro digestion within a 50:50 ruminal inoculum more evidently.

In vitro and in sacco digestibility of almond hulls

The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro digestibility and in sacco disappearance of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in total almond hulls (TAH), pure almond hulls (PAH) or Debris. The TAH were used because there are no data on the effect of debris (non-hull material) on the nutritional value of almond hulls. Twelve samples of commercial almond hulls were used, with one subsample representing the TAH and the other subsample hand sorted to separate the hulls (PAH) from Debris. Gas production and Ankom Daisy method were used to determine in vitro digestibility, while two rumen-fistulated cows were used to measure in sacco disappearance of PAH and TAH. For in vitro digestibility, both PAH and TAH were more digestible and had greater gas production than Debris. The PAH had greater in vitro true digestibility on a DM basis and NDF digestibility at 48 and 72 h compared with TAH. Nonpareil hulls provided greater metabolizable energy (ME) concentration when compared with other almond varieties, with PAH supplying numerically more ME than TAH for both varieties. For in sacco disappearance, PAH had greater DM and NDF disappearance along with a greater rate of disappearance for NDF compared with TAH. This research demonstrated that Debris is highly indigestible; therefore, hulling, agronomic and harvesting practices should be focused on reducing Debris in commercial almond hulls to improve their nutritive value as a feedstuff for livestock.

Partitioning of Forage Mass and Nutritive Value in Sunn Hemp Leaf and Stem Components

Sunn hemp (SH; Crotalaria juncea L.) is a fast-growing, annual, warm-season tropical legume that could complement less productive cool-season forages such as tall fescue during summer. Little is known about seasonal forage mass and nutritive value partitioning in SH plant components when SH is managed for forage. We determined partitioning of forage mass and nutritive value (crude protein (CP), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD)) concentrations in SH leaves and stems harvested 35, 45, and 55 days after planting (DAP) at Bradford Research Center, Columbia, MO, in a 2-year field study. Leaf and stem mass increased with increasing DAP and was greatest ( P ≤ 0.05 ) at 55 DAP followed by 45 and 35 DAP. Stems contributed most to the total forage mass beyond 45 DAP. Across years, CP was greatest ( P ≤ 0.05 ) in leaves (281 g kg−1 DM) and lowest for stems (81 g kg−1 DM) at 55 DAP. The lowest NDF ( P ≤ 0.05 ) was observed in leaves (251 g kg−1 DM) and stems (585 g kg−1 DM) at 35 DAP. Acid detergent fiber was lowest ( P ≤ 0.05 ) for SH leaves (178 g kg−1 DM) and stems (484 g kg−1 DM) at 35 DAP. Digestibility of leaves was greater than that of stems and generally decreased with maturity. The nutritive value of leaves was consistently greater than that of stems and decreased with maturity, except for CP of leaves, which was maintained throughout the season. Results suggested that SH leaves can maintain forage mass and greater quality than its stem throughout the growing season.

Mechanically deboned turkey meat with improved digestibility and biological value

Enzymatic hydrolysates of mechanically deboned meat (MDM) for a long time have been used as flavouring and functional food ingredients in the food industry and also as the bases of formula foods for special dietary uses.The aim of the present study was to produce MDM hypo-antigenic products with improved digestibility and high biological value to be used as a milk protein alternative. turkey MDM was treated with digestive enzymes (trypsin and/or α-chymotrypsin, or pancreatin), followed by freeze drying. The optimised reaction conditions of hydrolysis were at 6% (w/v) of meat protein in 0.1% NaHCO3 buffer, pH 7.5; pancreatin enzyme with 50 TAME units/g meat protein substrate, 37 °C and 60 min). Hydrolysates (MDMH) were assessed for degree of hydrolyses (DH, %) by using trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid method and MW distribution by SDS-PAGE. Modification of immune reactive binding sites in MDMHs was monitored by immunoblot with cow’s milk, chicken egg or meat allergic human patients’ sera. Biological value indices (True Digestibility (TD), Net Protein Utilisation (NPU), Biological Value (BV)) were determined using rat feeding trials. Among the MDMH products, the pancreatic hydrolysate proved to be the most favourable in terms of biological value and digestibility as well as hypoallergenic property.

EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL OF TRIDAX PROCUMBENS FOR LIVESTOCK FEED

Seasonal changes in chemical composition represented by crude protein (CP), In vitro true digestibility (IVTD), and fibre components measured by neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin were evaluated at specified cano­py ages and stages of maturity in Tridax procumb ens. Samples were selected from five harvest dates in April, June, August, October, and December. Chemical com­position was: highly responsive to dates of harvest. The stage of maturity of canopies reached significantly higher values in August than in the other months of the year. Asso­ciated with these were-lower CP and IVTD and high NDF, ADF and lignin. The poten­tial value of Tridax prOcumbens lies in a pro­perly structured management system that optimises its quality attributes.

Progress in ileal endogenous amino acid flow research in poultry

The progress in our understanding of the endogenous protein concept over the past century is reviewed. Non-dietary proteins found in the digesta at the terminal ileum of poultry, known as endogenous protein loss, are comprised of digestive secretions, mucus and sloughed gut epithelial cells. The measurement of this loss is of fundamental importance because it is an indicator of gut metabolism and is essential to adjust apparent estimates of ileal amino acid digestibility. The ileal endogenous amino acid losses comprise of two components, namely basal and specific losses. The basal losses are fixed and associated with feed dry matter intake, whereas the specific losses are variable and induced by the presence of dietary components such as fibre and anti-nutrients. Currently there is no methodology available to directly measure the specific endogenous losses and these losses are calculated by determining the basal and total (basal plus specific) losses and, then subtracting the basal losses from total losses. The seminal features, specific applications and shortcomings of available methodologies are briefly outlined as well as the practical challenges faced in using the published endogenous amino acid loss values for true digestibility corrections. The relevance of taurine as a component of endogenous protein flow in poultry is identified for the first time.

PERBANDINGAN HIJAUAN RAWA DENGAN DAN TANPA SILASE TERHADAP NILAI NDF, ADF DAN IN VITRO TRUE DIGESTIBILITY MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI ANKOM

ABSTRAK Silase merupakan teknik pengawetan pakan dalam kondisi segar yang dapat diterapkan untuk mengatasi masalah kurangnya ketersediaan hijauan rawa pada musim kemarau panjang. Nilai NDF, ADF dan IVTD dapat diukur menggunakan peralatan yang dikembangkan oleh ANKOM Technology Corp. Metode ANKOM lebih efisien dan memberikan hasil yang lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan nilai NDF, ADF dan IVTD pada hijauan rawa dengan dan tanpa silase menggunakan teknologi ANKOM. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Nutrisi dan Pakan Ternak Program Studi Peternakan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sriwijaya, dan Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT) LAPTIAB PUSPIPTEK Serpong. Perlakuan terdiri dari KT (Hymenachne acutigluma dengan dan tanpa silase), KA (Neptunia oleracea Lour. dengan dan tanpa silase) dan KO (kombinasi Hymenachne acutigluma 50% + Neptunia oleracea Lour. 50% dengan dan tanpa silase) dengan 3 ulangan. Data penelitian ini dianalisa secara deskriptif. Parameter yang diamati meliputi nilai NDF, ADF dan IVTD selanjutnya dihitung perubahan nilainya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa KT, KA dan KO memiliki perubahan nilai NDF, ADF dan IVTD yang berbeda. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi kumpai tembaga 50% dan kemon air 50% dapat mempertahankan nilai NDF, ADF dan IVTD.Kata kunci: hijauan rawa, silase, NDF, ADF, IVTD, ANKOM.