scholarly journals In situ extraction (milking) of the two promising Botryococcus braunii strains Showa and Bot22 under optimized extraction time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kleinert ◽  
Carola Griehl
Keyword(s):  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
In Situ Extraction ◽  
Boundary Area ◽  
Green Microalga ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hydrocarbon Productivity

AbstractIn situ extraction or “milking” of microalgae is a promising approach to reduce downstream costs in order to produce low-value substances such as lipids from microalgae in an economical way. Due to its ability to secrete high amounts of long-chain hydrocarbons to an extracellular matrix, the green microalga Botryococcus braunii is suitable for the process of in situ extraction as the cost intensive steps of harvesting, dewatering, and cell disruption could be omitted. Based on a previous study investigating various B. braunii strains in terms of growth, lipid accumulation, and solvent compatibility, the B. braunii strains Showa and Bot22 (both B race) were identified as potential candidates for the process of in situ extraction. In order to prove the suitability of these two strains for the process of in situ extraction, this study first determined the optimal extraction time using short-term in situ extraction over 7 days at different starting biomass concentrations of 1.5 and 2.5 g L−1. Furthermore, both strains were treated applying the optimal extraction time in long-term in situ extractions for 30 days to confirm the results from the short-term extractions. The results indicate a strain-dependent optimal extraction time of 300 min day−1 for strain Showa and 200 min day−1 for strain Bot22. During long-term in situ extraction for 30 days, hydrocarbon productivity was 16.99 mg L−1 day−1 (10.53 mg gDW−1 day−1) for strain Showa and 14.53 mg L−1 day−1 (10.48 mg gDW−1 day−1) for strain Bot22. Furthermore, a direct correlation between hydrocarbon productivity achieved by in situ extraction and the hydrocarbon concentration in the biomass of the respective strain could be established. It could be shown that the consideration of the effective extraction time and the phase boundary area is required to calculate an extraction system independent value for the comparison of different extraction setups.

scholarly journals Identification of suitable Botryococcus braunii strains for non-destructive in situ hydrocarbon extraction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kleinert ◽  
Carola Griehl
Keyword(s):  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Cell Disruption ◽  
Green Microalga ◽  
Common Process ◽  
The Common ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Extracellular Location ◽  
Hydrocarbon Extraction

AbstractThe process of milking microalgae is a promising approach to reduce the downstream costs for the production of valuable substances from microalgae by avoiding the steps of harvest, dewatering, and cell disruption of the common process chain (cultivation, harvesting, dewatering, cell disruption, extraction, purification). The green microalga Botryococcus braunii is particularly suited for this process due to its ability to produce large amounts of long-chain hydrocarbons accumulating in an extracellular matrix. The extracellular location of hydrocarbons is an enormous advantage in comparison with other microalgae that accumulate lipids in intracellular lipid bodies. At present, only a few B. braunii strains (UTEX 572, CCAP 807/2, SAG 807/1, FACHB 357, Bot22, and SCCAP 1761) have been examined for the process of long-term repetitive milking. In order to identify promising candidates for the milking process, twelve different B. braunii strains (SAG 30.81, SAG 807/1, UTEX 572, UTEX 2441, CCAP 807/2, ACOI 58, ACOI 1257, SCCAP K-1489, var. Showa, Bot22, SCCAP K-1761, and CCALA 779) were investigated in terms of growth, lipid accumulation, nutrient uptake, solvent compatibility, and extracellular hydrocarbon extractability. Based on these results, a ranking was defined in view of eligibility for non-destructive hydrocarbon extraction. Results indicate a particular potential for hydrocarbon milking for two of those twelve B. braunii strains. The strain Showa (71 out of 75 ranking points), which has not yet been examined for long-term repetitive milking, and the strain Bot22 (64 out of 75 ranking points) seem to be the most suitable strains for the milking process. They both possess good extractant compatibility including hydrocarbon extractability as well as high biomass and lipid productivity.

scholarly journals Methods to Prevent Future Severe Animal Welfare Problems Caused by COVID-19 in the Pork Industry

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 830
Author(s):  
Temple Grandin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Third Party Auditing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
High Welfare

In the U.S., the most severe animal welfare problems caused by COViD-19 were in the pork industry. Thousands of pigs had to be destroyed on the farm due to reduced slaughter capacity caused by ill workers. In the future, both short-term and long-term remedies will be needed. In the short-term, a portable electrocution unit that uses scientifically validated electrical parameters for inducing instantaneous unconsciousness, would be preferable to some of the poor killing methods. A second alternative would be converting the slaughter houses to carcass production. This would require fewer people to process the same number of pigs. The pandemic revealed the fragility of large centralized supply chains. A more distributed supply chain with smaller abattoirs would be more robust and less prone to disruption, but the cost of pork would be greater. Small abattoirs can coexist with large slaughter facilities if they process pigs for specialized premium markets such as high welfare pork. The pandemic also had a detrimental effect on animal welfare inspection and third party auditing programs run by large meat buyers. Most in-person audits in the slaughter plants were cancelled and audits were done by video. Video audits should never completely replace in-person audits.

scholarly journals Forecasting Australian port throughput: Lessons and Pitfalls in the era of Big Data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
soumya banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Port Development ◽  
Forecasting Accuracy ◽  
Port Throughput ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Modelling And Forecasting

Modelling and forecasting port throughput enables stakeholders to make efficient decisions ranging from management of port development, to infrastructure investments, operational restructuring and tariffs policy. Accurate forecasting of port throughput is also critical for long-term resource allocation and short-term strategic planning. In turn, efficient decision-making enhances the competitiveness of a port. However, in the era of big data we are faced with the enviable dilemma of having too much information. We pose the question: is more information always better for forecasting? We suggest that more information comes at the cost of more parameters of the forecasting model that need to be estimated. We comparemultiple forecasting models of varying degrees of complexity and quantify the effect of the amount of data on model forecasting accuracy. Our methodology serves as a guideline for practitioners in this field. We also enjoin caution that even in the era of big data more information may not always be better. It would be advisable for analysts to weigh the costs of adding more data: the ultimate decision would depend on the problem, amount of data and the kind of models being used.

What money can’t buy: an argument against paying people to get vaccinated

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2021-107235
Author(s):  
Nancy S Jecker
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Healthy Communities ◽  
Good Citizenship ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Better Than

This paper considers the proposal to pay people to get vaccinated against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The first section introduces arguments against the proposal, including less intrusive alternatives, unequal effects on populations and economic conditions that render payment more difficult to refuse. The second section considers arguments favouring payment, including arguments appealing to health equity, consistency, being worth the cost, respect for autonomy, good citizenship, the ends justifying the means and the threat of mutant strains. The third section spotlights long-term and short-term best practices that can build trust and reduce ‘vaccine hesitancy’ better than payment. The paper concludes that people who, for a variety of reasons, are reluctant to vaccinate should be treated like adults, not children. Despite the urgency of getting shots into arms, we should set our sights on the long-term goals of strong relationships and healthy communities.

Adaptation to calcium deprivation in the rat: effects of parathyroidectomy.

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (3) ◽  
pp. E336
Author(s):  
J T Pento ◽  
L C Waite ◽  
P J Tracy ◽  
A D Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Calcium Transport ◽  
Parathyroid Tissue ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
High Calcium

The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the adaptive response in gut calcium transport to calcium deprivation has been studied in the rat using both the in vitro everted duodenal sac and the in situ ligated duodenal segment technique. Intact or parathyroidectomized (PTX) young rats were placed on a low calcium (0.01%) diet for 7-, 14-, or 21-day adaptation periods and compared with control rats maintained on a high calcium (1.5%) diet. Prior PTX (3 days before the start of the adaptation period) abolished the adaptive response (enhanced calcium transport) induced by calcium deprivation for a 7-day adaptation period, but did not abolish a response after a 21-day period. A 14-day adaptation period gave equivocal results. It is concluded that PTH appears to be necessary for short-term (7-day) adaptation, but not for long-term (21-day) adaptation to calcium deprivation. However, if accessory parathyroid tissue is present, the data could be interpreted differently: the essentiality of PTH for the adaptive response might be independent of the length of the adaptation period. The data also contribute to a possible resolution of the controversy concerning the involvement of PTH in the regulation of intestinal calcium transport in the rat.

Wear performance of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy in situ modified with oxygen and boron

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01n03) ◽  
pp. 2040027
Author(s):  
Ben Jackson ◽  
Rob Torrens ◽  
Leandro Bolzoni ◽  
Fei Yang ◽  
Nigel Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Three Body Abrasion ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Metal Additive

Titanium alloys have poor wear performance, with severe adhesive wear and three-body abrasion being dominant mechanisms. To extend the use of titanium to applications demanding better wear properties, modifications can be made to the alloys. This can include the addition of hard particulates or interstitial strengthening, by increasing the oxygen or nitrogen content. The metal additive manufacturing process of selective laser melting (SLM) has been shown to enable manufacture of these modified titanium alloys in situ. In this study, small amounts of boron and titanium dioxide powders were added to Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) and processed using SLM. To compare wear performance of these modified materials, reciprocating pin on plate tests in brine solution were performed. Increased oxygen content increased the hardness of the material, which reduced wear. The presence of boron increased wear in the short term but reduced the long-term wear rate. Incorporating of oxygen and boron has been shown to improve the saline solution wear properties of Ti64 against silicon nitride.

US corporate tax reform would risk highway fund

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Corporate Tax Reform ◽  
The Cost

Significance On July 15, the House of Representatives passed a short-term funding measure, against the wishes of many in the Senate. US infrastructure is facing a fiscal crunch. Taxes on gasoline have traditionally supported highway appropriations. However, eroding purchasing power and greater fuel efficiency means that about 30% of highway funding must be found from other sources, difficult in the current Congress. The present round of appropriations expires on July 31. Impacts A corporate tax might provide a long-term resolution, but the pursuit of it would come at the cost of seeking more modest solutions. These would provide stability for a year or two, necessary for projects of long duration. If corporate tax reform is not completed before the end of 2015, it will probably not get done in a presidential election year. If Congress were to rely on the prospect of these taxes for the HTF, it might find itself in a similar position in a few months.

Up, Up and Away! The Economics of Vertical Farming

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chirantan Banerjee ◽  
Lucie Adenaeuer
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Engineering ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vertical Farming ◽  
Footprint Area ◽  
The Cost

With rising population and purchasing power, demand for food and changing consumer preferences are building pressure on our resources. Vertical Farming, which means growing food in skyscrapers, might help to solve many of these problems. The purpose of this study was to construct a Vertical Farm and thereof investigate the economic feasibility of it. In a concurrent Engineering Study initiated by DLR Bremen, a farm, 37 floors high, was designed and simulated in Berlin to estimate the cost of production and market potential of this technology. It yields about 3,500 tons of fruits and vegetables and ca. 140 tons of tilapia fillets, 516 times more than expected from a footprint area of 0.25 ha due to stacking and multiple harvests. The investment costs add up to € 200 million, and it requires 80 million litres of water and 3.5 GWh of power per year. The produced food costs between € 3.50 and € 4.00 per kilogram. In view of its feasibility, we estimate a market for about 50 farms in the short term and almost 3000 farms in the long term. To tap the economic, environmental and social benefits of this technology, extensive research is required to optimise the production process.

scholarly journals Short Term Versus Long Term Catheterization after Urogenital Prolapse Surgery

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-43
Author(s):  
Farzana Rabee Choudhury ◽  
Maliha Rashid ◽  
Ratu Rumana ◽  
ABM Zakir Uddin ◽  
Nilufar Nasrin Ava
Keyword(s):  
Genital Prolapse ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Prolapse Surgery ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Better Than

Background: Genital prolapse is a common gynaecological problem in developing country like Bangladesh.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the advantages of short term catheterization in comparison to long term catheterization after genital prolapse surgery. Methodology: This was a prospective analytical cross sectional study being carried out from 1st July 2005 to 30th July 2006 in the Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital. A total of 200 patients undergoing genital prolapse surgery were selected for this study. Patients were divided into two groups. In short term catheterization group the urinary catheter was withdrawal within one day after surgery and in the short term catheterization group the catheter was remained in situ for 5 days after surgery. Result: Positive urine culture was found in 16% in long term catheterization group compared with 6% in short term group (P=0.02). Mean duration of hospital stay was 6.98 days in long term catheterization group and 4.68 days in short term catheterization group (P<0.01). Residual volume was more than 200 ml and need for re-catheterization occurred in 3% in group whereas it was 10% in case group (P=0.04). Conclusion: This study permits to conclude that short term catheterization is better than long term catheterization. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2011;3 (2): 41-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v3i2.12077

scholarly journals OPTIMAL CLIMATE POLICY IN 3D: MITIGATION, CARBON REMOVAL, AND SOLAR GEOENGINEERING

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150008
Author(s):  
MARIIA BELAIA ◽  
JUAN B. MORENO-CRUZ ◽  
DAVID W. KEITH
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Integrated Assessment Model ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Solar Geoengineering ◽  
Optimal Climate Policy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Far Future

We introduce solar geoengineering (SG) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) into an integrated assessment model to analyze the trade-offs between mitigation, SG, and CDR. We propose a novel empirical parameterization of SG that disentangles its efficacy, calibrated with climate model results, from its direct impacts. We use a simple parameterization of CDR that decouples it from the scale of baseline emissions. We find that (a) SG optimally delays mitigation and lowers the use of CDR, which is distinct from moral hazard; (b) SG is deployed prior to CDR while CDR drives the phasing out of SG in the far future; (c) SG deployment in the short term is relatively independent of discounting and of the long-term trade-off between SG and CDR over time; (d) small amounts of SG sharply reduce the cost of meeting a [Formula: see text]C target and the costs of climate change, even with a conservative calibration for the efficacy of SG.

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