Crisis оf distribution in the modern world: trends and consequences

Main causes of crisis of distribution in the modern world are considered in the article. While the COVID- 19 pandemic is spreading, the problem of distribution and related crises have become main issues that attract attention of both governments and the world community. Rising unemployment, gender disparities, income inequality and wealth are some of the side effects of the coronavirus pandemic. The crisis has exacerbated inequality on the all main dividing lines of society and pushed back achievements in reducing poverty all around the world. The pandemic and its aftermath have reminded us of the need to move to a society, which would be fairer and more sustainable one. The distribution crisis can lead to the collapse of many social subsystems. The systems, structures and organizations, which are able to change in a permanent way and effectively overcome conflicts, become the most successful. Distribution policy does not necessarily mean welfare programs for low-income groups or a broad distribution of public goods and finances. Redistributing manager’s power is also subject to redistribution policy. The idea of welfare state, its development and further all-encompassing crisis draw attention to the most important moments of human existence, such as distribution of goods and the right to access to resources both within a state and in the world as a whole. The states with a high welfare level enjoy widely available educational programs, largely funded by taxes. Thus, in order to ensure equal opportunities and achieve equal results, a coordination of professional training and an existing labor market is needed. A clear legal system is needed to address distribution challenges and distribution risks, especially in economic legislation and, first of all, in tax, financial and antitrust regulations, which solve distribution problems in practice. Thus, distribution crises must be effectively controlled and resolved by strengthening economic regulation.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI LADA HITAM DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA DI KECAMATAN MELINTING KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TIMUR

This research aims to analyze the income and welfare levels of of pepper farmers in Melinting Sub- District, East Lampung Regency. The location of the research is chosen purposively. The number of respondents in this reasearch is 43 farmers who are selected using simple random sampling. The methods of analysis used in this research are quantitative method to calculate household income and descriptive qualitative method to determine welfare levels. The results of this research showed that the total income of pepper farming is included in the low category which is IDR1,691,026.16 per month with the contribution of 25.63% towards household income. Based on the criteria of Badan Pusat Statistik in 2014, 100% of pepper farmer households are in the prosperous category, while 20.93% included in the high welfare category based on the subjective welfare indicators.Key words: household, income, pepper, welfare.

Frequency and predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK – a primary veterinary care epidemiological view

Background Otitis externa is a commonly diagnosed disorder in dogs and can carry a high welfare impact on affected animals. This study aimed to report the prevalence and explore the role of breed and aural conformation as predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK. The study used a cohort design of dogs under UK primary veterinary care at clinics participating in the VetCompass Programme during 2016. Risk factor analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling. Results The study included a random sample of 22,333 dogs from an overall population of 905,554 dogs under veterinary care in 2016. The one-year period prevalence of otitis externa was 7.30% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.97 to 7.65). Breed and ear carriage were the highest ranked risk factors. Compared with crossbred dogs, sixteen breed types showed increased odds, including: Basset Hound (odds ratio [OR] 5.87), Chinese Shar Pei (OR 3.44), Labradoodle (OR 2.95), Beagle (OR 2.54) and Golden Retriever (OR 2.23). Four breeds showed protection (i.e. reduced odds) of otitis externa: Chihuahua (OR 0.20), Border Collie (OR 0.34), Yorkshire Terrier (OR 0.49) and Jack Russell Terrier (OR 0.52). Designer breed types overall had 1.63 times the odds (95% CI 1.31 to 2.03) compared with crossbred dogs. Compared with breeds with erect ear carriage, breeds with pendulous ear carriage had 1.76 times the odds (95% CI 1.48 to 2.10) and breeds with V-shaped drop ear carriage had 1.84 times the odds (95% CI 1.53 to 2.21) of otitis externa. Conclusions Breed itself and breed-associated ear carriage conformation are important predisposing factors for canine otitis externa. Greater awareness of these associations for both predisposed and protected breeds could support veterinary practitioners to promote cautious and low-harm approaches in their clinical advice on preventive care for otitis externa, especially in predisposed breeds.

Changes of Plasma Analytes Reflecting Metabolic Adaptation to the Different Stages of the Lactation Cycle in Healthy Multiparous Holstein Dairy Cows Raised in High-Welfare Conditions

Here, we tested the changes occurring in several plasma analytes during different stages of the lactation cycle of high welfare raised multiparous Holstein cows, and provided reference intervals (RI) for plasma analytes concentrations. Eleven high-welfare farms (HWF) located in Northern Italy were selected and their herds used to recruit 361 clinically healthy cows undergoing the dry (from −30 to −10 days from real calving; DFC), the postpartum (from 3 to 7 DFC), the early lactation (from 28 to 45 DFC) and the late lactation phases (from 160 to 305 DFC). Cows affected by subclinical diseases (SCD) were retrospectively excluded, and a subset of 285 cows was selected. Data of plasma analytes underwent ANOVA testing using physiological phases as predictors. The individual effect of each phase was assessed using a pairwise t-test assuming p ≤ 0.05 as a significance limit. A bootstrap approach was used to define the reference interval (RI) for each blood analyte within physiological phases having a pairwise t-test p ≤ 0.05. The concentration of nonesterified fatty acids, albumin, cholesterol, retinol, paraoxonase and tocopherol changed throughout all the physiological phases, whereas the concentration of K, alkaline phosphatase and thiol groups remained stable. Triglycerides, Zn, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power in the dry phase and BHB, Ca, myeloperoxidase, haptoglobin, reactive oxygen metabolites and advanced oxidation of protein product in postpartum differed compared with other physiological phases. During the dry phase, Packed cell volume, Cl, and urea concentrations were similar to during the postpartum phase. Similarly, Na, γ-glutamyl transferase and β-carotene concentrations were similar to during the early lactation phase; fructosamine and bilirubin concentrations were similar to during the late lactation phase. During the postpartum phase, fructosamine and P concentrations were similar to during the early lactation phase, and the aspartate transaminase concentration was similar to during the late lactation phase. During the early lactation phase, Mg, creatinine, total protein, globulin and ceruloplasmin concentrations were similar to during the postpartum phase, while the urea concentration was similar to during the late lactation phase. All these plasma analytes differed among the other phases. This study identifies physiological trends affecting plasma analytes concentrations during the different stages of the lactation cycle and provides a guideline for the duration and magnitude of their changes when animals are healthy and raised in optimal welfare conditions.

Comparison of Soft and Hard Clustering: A Case Study on Welfare Level in Cities on Java Island

The National Medium Term Development Plan 2020-2024 states that one of the visions of national development is to accelerate the distribution of welfare and justice. Cluster analysis is analysis that grouping of objects into several smaller groups where the objects in one group have similar characteristics. This study was conducted to find the best clustering method and to classify cities based on the level of welfare in Java. In this study, the cluster analysis that used was hard clustering such as K-Means, K-Medoids (PAM and CLARA), and Hierarchical Agglomerative as well as soft clustering such as Fuzzy C Means. This study use elbow method, silhouette method, and gap statistics to determine the optimal number of clusters. From the evaluation results of the silhouette coefficient, dunn index, connectivity coefficient, and Sw/Sb ratio, it was found that the best cluster analysis was Agglomerative Ward Linkage which produced three clusters. The first cluster consists of 27 cities with moderate welfare, the second cluster consists of 16 cities with high welfare, the third cluster consists of 76 cities with low welfare. With the best clustering results, the government of cities in Java shall be able to make a better policies of welfare based on the dominant indicators found in each cluster.

Methods to Prevent Future Severe Animal Welfare Problems Caused by COVID-19 in the Pork Industry

In the U.S., the most severe animal welfare problems caused by COViD-19 were in the pork industry. Thousands of pigs had to be destroyed on the farm due to reduced slaughter capacity caused by ill workers. In the future, both short-term and long-term remedies will be needed. In the short-term, a portable electrocution unit that uses scientifically validated electrical parameters for inducing instantaneous unconsciousness, would be preferable to some of the poor killing methods. A second alternative would be converting the slaughter houses to carcass production. This would require fewer people to process the same number of pigs. The pandemic revealed the fragility of large centralized supply chains. A more distributed supply chain with smaller abattoirs would be more robust and less prone to disruption, but the cost of pork would be greater. Small abattoirs can coexist with large slaughter facilities if they process pigs for specialized premium markets such as high welfare pork. The pandemic also had a detrimental effect on animal welfare inspection and third party auditing programs run by large meat buyers. Most in-person audits in the slaughter plants were cancelled and audits were done by video. Video audits should never completely replace in-person audits.

The evaluation of feeding, mortality and oviposition of poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) on aging hens using a high welfare on-hen feeding device

A study was performed to examine any effect of hen age on the feeding ability and mortality of different life-stages of Dermanyssus gallinae [Poultry Red Mite (PRM)] when fed using a high welfare, on-hen mite feeding device. Mite feeding assays were carried out every two weeks on a cohort of five Lohman Brown hens with devices containing adult and deutonymph PRM or adult and protonymph PRM. Feeding rates and mortality of each PRM life stage and oviposition of adult female PRM were evaluated over an 18-week period. There was a significant reduction in oviposition rates of female PRM as they fed on hens of increasing age. However, no clear trend was detected between the feeding rates of all three haematophagous life stages and hen age. The same conclusion was reached regarding mite mortality post-feeding in both deutonymph and adult female PRMs, although a weak positive association was apparent between hen age and protonymph PRM mortality. This study shows that the on-hen feeding device can be used both for short term studies to assess novel anti-PRM products (new acaricides, vaccines etc.) and longer, longitudinal studies to determine longevity of the effects of such novel anti-PRM products. It also demonstrates that blood feeding by mites on older hens is less able to sustain PRM populations than feeding on younger hens. This on-hen mite feeding device directly impacts upon reduction and refinement by greatly reducing the numbers of birds required per experimental group compared to traditional PRM challenge infestation models and by eliminating the need for birds to be exposed to large numbers of mites for extended periods of time that can cause welfare concerns. This paper describes the methodology for these studies and how to assemble pouches and handle mites both before and after feeding assays.

Can animal welfare have an impact on food safety? A study in the poultry production chain

Background Animal welfare is a major issue in the production of food of animal origin. A project funded by the Italian Ministry of Health was carried out in order to collect scientific evidence that animal welfare is not only an ethical issue, but should also be related to food safety. Methods The project was carried out along an Italian integrated poultry production chain. Animal welfare was measured at farm in 13 broiler chicken batches, including 2 organic, using Welfare Quality®, an animal- and resource-based internationally recognised protocol. Samples for the detection and enumeration of Campylobacter, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were taken at different levels, from the live animal (faeces at farm and after transport) to the end product (caecal content and carcass skin at slaughterhouse), with a total of 2,080 samples. Strains were deeply characterised (serotyping, PFGE). Results Higher welfare scores were reported in organic batches. Transports to the slaughterhouse longer than 1 hour were associated to increased Campylobacter prevalence. Significantly lower Campylobacter concentrations both in faeces and carcass (P < 0.05) were reported in organic batches. Low-welfare batches showed higher prevalence of Salmonella, with statistically significant difference compared to high-welfare batches (43.6% versus 2.9% in carcass; 19.3% versus 0% in caecal content; P < 0.00001). L. monocytogenes was never found in faeces, in contrast with high prevalence in carcases (up to 72.5%) with undistinguishable genetic profiles recurrent in different batches after long time (up to 18 months). Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that poultry meat contamination is influenced by the welfare or stress which broilers experience during their life. Longer transports enhance Campylobacter prevalence. L. monocytogenes in poultry meat should not be linked to increased stress but rather to persistent contamination in the slaughterhouse processing environment. Key messages “High-welfare” broiler chicken batches show lower Campylobacter and Salmonella contamination compared to “Low-welfare” batches. Microbiological safety of poultry meat can be improved by the application of high animal welfare standards at farm and during transport.