As a growing amount of research examines the impact of sexuality on various demographic outcomes, it becomes important to understand the complex intersections of sexual orientation identity, sexual/romantic attraction, and sexual behavior. However, most previous studies use data from Western countries that have particular histories of sexuality, limiting the generalizability of the findings beyond Western societies. We describe dimensions of sexuality in Japan, where there has not been any religious authority condemning same-sex behavior and any law prohibiting same-sex relations except for a decade in the late 19th century. We use data from the “Survey on Diversity of Work and Life, and Coexistence among the Residents of Osaka City,” the first population-based survey with detailed questions about multiple aspects of sexuality in Japan, to conduct descriptive analysis. More women identify as bisexual or asexual than lesbian. Among the respondents who selected “Don’t want to decide, haven’t decided”—a category originally created for queer/questioning respondents—as their sexual orientation, the proportion of those who indicated exclusive heterosexuality is higher than expected, raising the possibility that some heterosexual respondents with no heterosexual identity may have mistakenly chosen this category. The data suggest that the population of heterosexual-identified men who have sex with men is small. The prevalence of the asexual population differs by whether sexual orientation identity or sexual/romantic attraction is used to capture this population. Our analysis extends the demography of sexuality by examining unique non-Western data and putting in context the previous findings observed in Western countries.
Sexual orientation identity disparities in health behaviors, outcomes, and services use among men and women in the United States: a cross-sectional study
