Imaginary Penalty and Identity Conflict: The Dilemma and Strategies of Multiple identities in Substance Abusers in Chinese Drug Policy

Background: Exploring why the national drug policy failed is an important issue. Although the theory of "Imaginary Penalty" points out the relationship between ideology and policy-making, it ignores the systemic nature of drug control and the voice of drug addicts. Methods: This study takes substance abusers who live in urban communities as the research participants. Using qualitative research data, this study explores how individual drug abuse experiences are identified and classified by structural forces and how individuals manage their daily life. Results: The study finds that law enforcement agencies (Narcotics Control Office (NCO), Police Station , and Community Assistance Group (CAG)) have different attitudes toward Substance abusers and generate different managements, forming multiple governance models, and then shaping the multiple and incomplete Substance abusers’ identity dilemma. Drug addicts perceive the dilemma, and they adopt the strategies of spatial isolation (hidden flow), disconnection from experience (temporal isolation), and instrumental cooperation to continuously re-adjust and achieve identity recovery from the bottom up with the "possible citizens" narrative logic. Conclusion/importance: Through evaluating the effectiveness of self-management strategies, this research integrates the Chinese drug rehabilitation situation, expands the specific performance of "Imaginary Penalty" in the law enforcement system, and presents the limitations and positive value of self-management strategies.

Contesting Collective Representations of the Past: The Politics of Memory in South Korea

<p>Because monuments, memorials and other 'sites of memory' privilege particular collective interpretations of the past over others, they represent inherently contentious and political spaces. Contention over representing the past is particularly resonant in Korea, where sites of memory are imbued with strong, often polarised meanings. By focusing on two such sites in Korea, this thesis seeks to discuss the wider implications of the ongoing conflict over what representations of the past should be privileged. In Gwangju, the area surrounding the former provincial hall (docheong) is being redeveloped, part of the city's attempts to become 'reborn' as a capital city of human rights and democracy in Asia. However, to many citizens in Gwangju, this new image ignores the meaning that the city's dissident past holds for local communal understandings of identity. Conflict arose as citizens protested to keep the symbolism of the docheong intact, thus, helping to maintain local narratives of the past. In Seoul, Myeongdong Cathedral, a key symbol of protest and democracy in the 1970s and 1980s, is now having its meaning re-interpreted, as the Catholic Church de-couples religion from socio-political concerns. The conflicting meanings of Myeongdong Cathedral are representative of a wider divergence in Korean society, as apathy towards Korea's past grows among society at large while other segments appropriate the past to protest contemporary socio-political concerns. Ultimately, these Korean case studies emphasise that the meanings sites of memory convey are not fixed, and that groups are often able to appropriate sites to affirm their own narratives of the past and to emphasise their own collective voice. Therefore, sites that represent particular understandings of the past, while contentious, also provide a space for debate and, thus, help to understand ongoing concerns within wider society.</p>

Contesting Collective Representations of the Past: The Politics of Memory in South Korea

<p>Because monuments, memorials and other 'sites of memory' privilege particular collective interpretations of the past over others, they represent inherently contentious and political spaces. Contention over representing the past is particularly resonant in Korea, where sites of memory are imbued with strong, often polarised meanings. By focusing on two such sites in Korea, this thesis seeks to discuss the wider implications of the ongoing conflict over what representations of the past should be privileged. In Gwangju, the area surrounding the former provincial hall (docheong) is being redeveloped, part of the city's attempts to become 'reborn' as a capital city of human rights and democracy in Asia. However, to many citizens in Gwangju, this new image ignores the meaning that the city's dissident past holds for local communal understandings of identity. Conflict arose as citizens protested to keep the symbolism of the docheong intact, thus, helping to maintain local narratives of the past. In Seoul, Myeongdong Cathedral, a key symbol of protest and democracy in the 1970s and 1980s, is now having its meaning re-interpreted, as the Catholic Church de-couples religion from socio-political concerns. The conflicting meanings of Myeongdong Cathedral are representative of a wider divergence in Korean society, as apathy towards Korea's past grows among society at large while other segments appropriate the past to protest contemporary socio-political concerns. Ultimately, these Korean case studies emphasise that the meanings sites of memory convey are not fixed, and that groups are often able to appropriate sites to affirm their own narratives of the past and to emphasise their own collective voice. Therefore, sites that represent particular understandings of the past, while contentious, also provide a space for debate and, thus, help to understand ongoing concerns within wider society.</p>

DINAMIKA KONFLIK IDENTITAS PENGHAYAT SAPTA DARMA DI DESA SUKORENO, JEMBER, JAWA TIMUR

The polemic of religious identity between “penghayat kepercayaan” (believers of indigenous religion) and followers of the official religions in Indonesia is still become a sensitive issue, which adds to the long list of marginalization of indigenous believers in Indonesia. Several forms of marginalization are: forcing to choose certain official religions in their National ID Card, the pros and cons of the burial places of the deceased indigenous believers, and restrictions on the construction of their worship places. This article aims to elaborate the dynamics of identity conflict between adherents of the Sapta Darma (one of indigenous belief) and the followers of official religions in Sukoreno Village, Jember, East Java. This study uses a qualitative approach using observation, in-depth interviews with 7 (seven) informants of Sapta Darma followers, and members of FKUB (Forum of Religious Harmony) for the data collection. The results of the study reveal that this identity polemic has made it difficult for adherents of Sapta Dharma to change their religious identity on their ID cards. As a consequence, they also have difficulty in accessing public burial places. Conflict resolution efforts are carried out through FKUB by providing socialization of knowledge on nationality and cultural perspective to the interfaith leaders. Polemik identitas agama antara penghayat kepercayaan dengan pemeluk agama resmi di Indonesia masih menjadi isu yang menambah daftar panjang marginalisasi penganut kepercayaan di Indonesia. Bentuk marginalisasi ini mengarah kepada pemaksaan pencantuman agama tertentu dalam KTP dan KK warga penghayat, pro dan kontra tempat pemakaman warga penghayat yang meninggal, dan pembatasan pembangunan rumah peribadatan bagi warga penghayat. Artikel ini bermaksud untuk mengelaborasi dinamika konflik identitas antara penghayat kepercayaan Sapta Darma dengan para pemeluk agama resmi, dengan mengambil lokasi tempat di Desa Sukoreno, Jember, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara mendalam terhadap 7 (tujuh) informan warga penghayat Sapta Darma, dan anggota FKUB (Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama). Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa polemik identitas ini mengakibatkan warga pengahayat kesulitan dalam mengganti identitas agamanya di KTP dan KK sehingga mereka memiliki identitas ganda dan kesulitan dalam mengakses tempat pemakaman umum. Upaya resolusi konflik dilakukan melalui FKUB dengan memberikan sosialisasi wawasan kebangsaan dan pendekatan kultural dengan tokoh lintas agama.

Identity Crisis: An Integrative Re-Evaluation of Typhlatya Shrimp within the Karst Aquifer of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico.

The Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico is a carbonate platform well-known for extensive karst networks of densely stratified aquifer ecosystems. This aquifer supports diverse anchialine fauna, including species of the globally distributed atyid shrimp genus Typhlatya. Four species (T. campecheae, T. pearsei, T. dzilamensis and T. mitchelli) are endemic to the Peninsula, of which three are federally listed in Mexico. This first integrative evaluation [i.e., molecular (public and newly generated), morphological, broad geographic and type locality sampling, and environmental data] of Yucatán Typhlatya reveals considerable species identity conflict in prior phylogenetic assessments, broad species ranges and sympatry within cave systems, five genetic lineages (three known and two new to science) with the endangered T. campecheae herein classified as junior synonym of the vulnerable T. pearsei. Ancestral/divergence reconstructions support convergent evolution of a low-salinity/stenohaline ancestor of a post-Paleogene arc Yucatán+Cuba Typhlatya clade within a euryhaline/anchialine-adapted atyid clade, and secondary adaptation of the coastal-restricted euryhaline [2-37 psu] T. dzilamensis (unknown conservation status), of which the remaining four species lineages are low-salinity/stenohaline adapted found in both inland and coastal regions. This study demonstrates the need for integrative/interdisciplinary approaches when conducting biodiversity assessments in complex and poorly studied aquifers.