Reactive Changes to Astrocytes in the Nucleus Accumbens of the Forebrain after Restriction of Blood Flow in the Basins of Both Common Carotid Arteries in Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Naumov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Reactive Changes ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

scholarly journals Dependence of the efficiency of the initial state of fosinopril structure common carotid arteries, intravascular blood flow and central hemodynamics at patients with arterial hypertension

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
L V Melnikova ◽  
L F Bartosh ◽  
O A Grechishkina
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Central Hemodynamic ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Aim. To study changes in structural and functional features of the common carotid arteries and central hemodynamic parameters under the influence of fosinopril at hypertensive patients depending on achieving target blood pressure.Material and methods. The study included 116 patients with essential hypertension. All patients underwent a general clinical study, an ultrasound scan of the common carotid arteries (CCA ) with the assessment of the structure and intravascular blood flow, and echocardiography with the definition of the parameters of central hemodynamic and intravascular, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) before the study and after 24 weeks of antihypertensive therapy angiotensin - converting enzyme fosinopril. Two groups of patients: the first group consisted of 74 people with the achievement of the targets of blood pressure (BP), the second 42 people who have not been achieved target BP levels.Results. In the first group there was a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of peripheral resistance, increased systolic index, distensibility coefficient of the common carotid arteries peak flow velocity. In the second group specific peripheral resistance was significantly increased, the thickness of the intima-media increased, decreased peak flow velocity.Conclusion. Effectiveness depends on fosinopril initial state total peripheral resistance, cardiac output, structural and functional features elastic arteries.

Thermoregulatory influences on common carotid blood flow in the dog

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1138-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Baker ◽  
M. J. Hawkins ◽  
R. D. Rader
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Carotid Blood Flow ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Common carotid blood flow (CCBF) and respiratory water loss (RWL) were measured in dogs resting at ambient temperatures between 25 and 50 degrees C, during hypothalamic heating, and during light and heavy exercise at ambient temperatures of 25 and 35 degrees C. In resting dogs, CCBF varied with the level of RWL. Elevations in CCBF and RWL occurred within seconds of each other during bursts of panting. Mean unilateral CCBF increased from 6.2 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 25 degrees C to 16.8 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 45 degrees C, in parallel with increasing RWL. Hypothalamic heating elicited simultaneous elevations in CCBF and RWL, and the level of CCBF was strongly correlated with the hypothalamic temperature. Both CCBF and RWL increased rapidly at the onset of exercise and continued to rise during a 15-min run. Highest rates of blood flow and evaporation occurred during heavy exercise at 35 degrees C. It is concluded that the rate of blood flow through the common carotid arteries in the dog is related to the thermoregulatory needs of the animal, and most of the increased flow occurring during heat stress is destined for evaporative surfaces of the nose, mouth, and tongue.

scholarly journals Autoregulation in the Middle Meningeal Artery

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michalicek ◽  
V. Gordon ◽  
G. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Middle Meningeal Artery ◽  
Gain Factor ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Meningeal Artery

In cats anesthetized with α-chloralose, auto-regulation of blood flow (F) in the middle meningeal and common carotid arteries was assessed by bleeding and subsequently reinfusing the animals to achieve a 25% step reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (P), while maintaining the systolic blood pressure >80 mmHg. The integrity of autoregulation was assessed by calculating the gain factor Gf = 1 — [(ΔF/F)/(ΔP/P)]. Cats were examined intact, after hexamethonium (10 mg/kg), and after papaverine (6 mg/kg). Reduction of blood pressure of 25 to 60 mmHg produced equivalent drops in carotid blood flow ( Gf = 0.041 ± 0.34; mean ± standard deviation, n = 12). There were only small changes in flow in the middle meningeal artery during this procedure ( Gf = 0.91 ± 0.29). Hexamethonium did not block autoregulation in the middle meningeal artery ( Gf = 0.92 ± 0.13, n = 4). However, papaverine almost completely abolished the ability of the artery to autoregulate ( Gf = 0.10 ± 0.16, n = 7). The results suggest that the middle meningeal artery possesses an ability similar to that of the cortical circulation to autoregulate its blood flow through intrinsic, non-neuronal mechanisms. This will have important implications for the study of disturbances of dural arterial control in migraine and other headaches.

scholarly journals Glial reaction in the hippocampus after global cardiogenic ischemia

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 05-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Fachin Martins ◽  
Gerson Chadi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Cardiac Massage ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Bilateral Carotid ◽  
Incomplete Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Many experimental surgerical procedures have been perfomed in the analyse of the phenomenon of brain trophism and plasticity, however undesirable intercorrence can occour leading to specific changes in the results that should be taken into attention. To study this issue we have promoted a transient cardiogenic interruption of the blood flow together with a transient occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) in rats and analysed the state of activation of astrocyte and microglia by means of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and OX42 immunohistochemistry, respectively. Rats were submitted to incomplete global cerebral ischemia (IGCI) by occlusion of the bilateral carotid arteries for 30 minutes. During the IGCI surgical, some rats received a higher dose of the chloral hydrate anaesthesia which promoted a cardiogenic interruption of the blood flow (CIBF) for a period of 10 minutes followed by and prompt reperfusion. During that period, animals were submited to a cardiac massage and ventilated. Sham operation were made in control animals. Rats were killed and their brains processed 14 days after the surgery. The animals that have received a IGCI showed a slight astroglial and microglial reaction in all subfields of the hippocampal formation, however the animal submitted to CIBF showed a massive infiltration of the reactive astrocyte and microglia in CA1 subfield. This results demonstrated that a transient occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries leads to activation of glial cells in the hippocampus, however this response can be remarkable changed in animal developing a transient systemic hypoperfusion during surgery. Thus, an accurated monitoration of the hemodinamic condition of the animal has to be done in experimental models of brain ischemia and the results have to be analysed in view of this aspect.

Pain Induces Decrease of Blood Flow in the Common Carotid Arteries in Cluster Headache Attacks

Cephalalgia ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hannerz ◽  
Tomas Jogestrand
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cluster Headache ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Initial Flow ◽  
Maximum Pain ◽  
Reflex Activation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Eighteen cluster headache patients and five controls were studied using ultrasound duplex techniques to measure blood flow in the common carotid arteries after nitroglycerin and placebo administration. Vessel diameter and blood flow tended to be greater before nitroglycerin in patients in the cluster headache period than in patients out of period and controls. Nitroglycerin tended to increase blood flow only in patients not in the cluster period and in controls. There was a significant decrease in common carotid blood flow and increase in vascular resistance related to maximum pain in both nitroglycerin-induced and spontaneous cluster headache attacks. Blood flow did not reach the initial flow values after the attack was over. In one patient a hyperventilation attack only temporarily decreased the pain. We suggest that the decrease in blood flow and increase in vascular resistance may be due to constriction of intracranial arteries by reflex activation of sympathetic efferents, rather than to decrease of arterial CO2 tension.

scholarly journals Delayed Hypoperfusion after Incomplete Forebrain Ischemia in the Rat. The Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarne Grøgaard ◽  
Ludwig Schürer ◽  
Bengt Gerdin ◽  
Karl E. Arfors
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Local Blood Flow ◽  
Ischemic Insult ◽  
Ischemic Period ◽  
Normal Sheep Serum ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) in postischemic delayed hypoperfusion in the rat brain was investigated. Cerebral ischemia was accomplished by reversible bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries for 15 min combined with bleeding to an MABP of 50 mm Hg. The animals of one group were depleted of their circulating PMNLs by intraperitoneal injections of an antineutrophil serum (ANS) prior to the experiment. All animals included in this group had fewer than 0.2 × 109 circulating PMNLs/L at the start of the experiments. In another group ANS was injected intravenously for 5 min starting 2 min after the ischemic insult. After 4 min of recirculation, the number of circulating PMNLs in this group was below 10% of the normal. Control animals were injected with the same amount of normal sheep serum or were not treated at all. Sixty minutes after termination of ischemia, the local blood flow in previously ischemic cerebral structures was 40–50% of the normal as measured with the [14C]iodoantipyrine technique. In animals treated with ANS prior to the ischemic insult, the postischemic blood flow in the frontal, sensorimotor, and parietal cortex as well as caudoputamen and thalamus was significantly higher than that in non-ANS-treated animals. Treatment with ANS immediately after the ischemic period caused no improvement of the local CBF. It is concluded that PMNLs are involved in the cerebral postischemic flow derangements seen in this model. Their effects seem to be exerted during ischemia or immediately upon reinstitution of blood flow.

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