scholarly journals Glial reaction in the hippocampus after global cardiogenic ischemia

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 05-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Fachin Martins ◽  
Gerson Chadi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Cardiac Massage ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Bilateral Carotid ◽  
Incomplete Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Many experimental surgerical procedures have been perfomed in the analyse of the phenomenon of brain trophism and plasticity, however undesirable intercorrence can occour leading to specific changes in the results that should be taken into attention. To study this issue we have promoted a transient cardiogenic interruption of the blood flow together with a transient occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) in rats and analysed the state of activation of astrocyte and microglia by means of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and OX42 immunohistochemistry, respectively. Rats were submitted to incomplete global cerebral ischemia (IGCI) by occlusion of the bilateral carotid arteries for 30 minutes. During the IGCI surgical, some rats received a higher dose of the chloral hydrate anaesthesia which promoted a cardiogenic interruption of the blood flow (CIBF) for a period of 10 minutes followed by and prompt reperfusion. During that period, animals were submited to a cardiac massage and ventilated. Sham operation were made in control animals. Rats were killed and their brains processed 14 days after the surgery. The animals that have received a IGCI showed a slight astroglial and microglial reaction in all subfields of the hippocampal formation, however the animal submitted to CIBF showed a massive infiltration of the reactive astrocyte and microglia in CA1 subfield. This results demonstrated that a transient occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries leads to activation of glial cells in the hippocampus, however this response can be remarkable changed in animal developing a transient systemic hypoperfusion during surgery. Thus, an accurated monitoration of the hemodinamic condition of the animal has to be done in experimental models of brain ischemia and the results have to be analysed in view of this aspect.

Effect of carvedilol on the redox-status of plasma low-molecular-weight aminothyols in rats with acute cerebral ischemia

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
К.А. Никифорова ◽  
В.В. Александрин ◽  
П.О. Булгакова ◽  
А.В. Иванов ◽  
Э.Д. Вирюс ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Adrenergic Antagonist ◽  
Acute Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Reduced Forms

Цель. Установить влияние неспецифического адреноблокатора карведилола на редокс-статус низкомолекулярных аминотиолов (цистеин, гомоцистеин, глутатион) в плазме крови при моделировании глобальной ишемии головного мозга у крыс. Методика. Нами была использована модель глобальной ишемии (пережатие общих сонных артерий с геморрагией длительностью 15 мин). Препарат вводили за 1 ч до операции. Уровни аминотиолов измеряли через 40 мин после начала реперфузии. Анализ уровня аминотиолов проводили методом жидкостной хроматографии. Результаты. Установлено, что у крыс, не подвергавшихся ишемии, карведилол в дозе 10 мг/кг вызывает рост редокс-статуса цистеина и глутатиона (в 3 и 3,5 раза соответственно по сравнению с контролем, p = 0,04 и p = 0,008) за счет увеличения их восстановленных форм. При ишемии данного эффекта не наблюдалось. Редокс-статус у крыс с ишемией на фоне карведилола (Цис = 0,85 ± 0,14%, Глн = 1,8 ± 0,7%, Гцис = 1,1 ± 0,8%) оставался таким же низким, как и у крыс с ишемией без введения карведилола (р > 0,8). Заключение. Полученный результат демонстрирует, что в условиях ишемии головного мозга карведилол не оказывает эффекта на гомеостаз аминотиолов плазмы крови, несмотря на выраженный антиоксидантный эффект в нормальных условиях. Aim. Effect of a nonspecific adrenergic antagonist carvedilol on the redox status of plasma low-molecular-weight aminothiols (cysteine, homocysteine, glutathione) was studied in rats with global cerebral ischemia (occlusion of common carotid arteries with hemorrhage). Methods. A model of global ischemia (occlusion of common carotid arteries with 15-min hemorrhage) was used. The drugs were administered one hour before the operation. Aminothiol levels were measured by HPLC with UV detection at 40 minutes after the onset of reperfusion. Results. Carvedilol 10 mg/kg increased the redox status of cysteine and glutathione in rats not exposed to ischemia (3 and 3.5 times, respectively, compared with the control, p = 0.04 and p = 0.008, respectively) but not of homocysteine, by increasing their reduced forms. However, this effect was not observed in ischemia. In rats with ischemia treated with carvedilol, the redox status (Cys = 0.85 ± 0.14%, GSH = 1.8 ± 0.7%, Hcys = 1.1 ± 0.8%) remained low similar to that in rats with ischemia not treated with carvedilol (p >0.8, 0.8, and 0.9, respectively). Conclusion. Carvedilol did not affect the homeostasis of blood plasma thiols in cerebral ischemia despite the pronounced antioxidant effect under the normal conditions.

scholarly journals Dependence of the efficiency of the initial state of fosinopril structure common carotid arteries, intravascular blood flow and central hemodynamics at patients with arterial hypertension

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
L V Melnikova ◽  
L F Bartosh ◽  
O A Grechishkina
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Central Hemodynamic ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Aim. To study changes in structural and functional features of the common carotid arteries and central hemodynamic parameters under the influence of fosinopril at hypertensive patients depending on achieving target blood pressure.Material and methods. The study included 116 patients with essential hypertension. All patients underwent a general clinical study, an ultrasound scan of the common carotid arteries (CCA ) with the assessment of the structure and intravascular blood flow, and echocardiography with the definition of the parameters of central hemodynamic and intravascular, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) before the study and after 24 weeks of antihypertensive therapy angiotensin - converting enzyme fosinopril. Two groups of patients: the first group consisted of 74 people with the achievement of the targets of blood pressure (BP), the second 42 people who have not been achieved target BP levels.Results. In the first group there was a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of peripheral resistance, increased systolic index, distensibility coefficient of the common carotid arteries peak flow velocity. In the second group specific peripheral resistance was significantly increased, the thickness of the intima-media increased, decreased peak flow velocity.Conclusion. Effectiveness depends on fosinopril initial state total peripheral resistance, cardiac output, structural and functional features elastic arteries.

Thermoregulatory influences on common carotid blood flow in the dog

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1138-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Baker ◽  
M. J. Hawkins ◽  
R. D. Rader
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Carotid Blood Flow ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Common carotid blood flow (CCBF) and respiratory water loss (RWL) were measured in dogs resting at ambient temperatures between 25 and 50 degrees C, during hypothalamic heating, and during light and heavy exercise at ambient temperatures of 25 and 35 degrees C. In resting dogs, CCBF varied with the level of RWL. Elevations in CCBF and RWL occurred within seconds of each other during bursts of panting. Mean unilateral CCBF increased from 6.2 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 25 degrees C to 16.8 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 45 degrees C, in parallel with increasing RWL. Hypothalamic heating elicited simultaneous elevations in CCBF and RWL, and the level of CCBF was strongly correlated with the hypothalamic temperature. Both CCBF and RWL increased rapidly at the onset of exercise and continued to rise during a 15-min run. Highest rates of blood flow and evaporation occurred during heavy exercise at 35 degrees C. It is concluded that the rate of blood flow through the common carotid arteries in the dog is related to the thermoregulatory needs of the animal, and most of the increased flow occurring during heat stress is destined for evaporative surfaces of the nose, mouth, and tongue.

Acupuncture Modulates Expressions of Nitric Oxide Synthase and c-Fos in Hippocampus After Transient Global Ischemia in Gerbils

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (04) ◽  
pp. 581-590
Author(s):  
Ji-Eun Kang ◽  
Hye-Jung Lee ◽  
Sabina Lim ◽  
Ee-Hwa Kim ◽  
Tae-Hee Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Induction Group ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Ischemia Induction

The effects of acupuncture on the expressions of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and c-Fos in the hippocampus of gerbils after transient ischemia were investigated via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and Fos immunohistochemistry. In animals of the ischemia-induction groups, both common carotid arteries were occluded for 5 minutes. Animals of the acupunctued groups were given acupunctural treatment at Zusanli twice daily for 9 consecutive days. Acupuncture was shown to decrease NADPH-d and c-Fos levels in both the sham-operation group and the ischemia-induction group. These results suggest that acupuncture modulates the expressions of NOS and c-Fos in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals Autoregulation in the Middle Meningeal Artery

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michalicek ◽  
V. Gordon ◽  
G. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Middle Meningeal Artery ◽  
Gain Factor ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Meningeal Artery

In cats anesthetized with α-chloralose, auto-regulation of blood flow (F) in the middle meningeal and common carotid arteries was assessed by bleeding and subsequently reinfusing the animals to achieve a 25% step reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (P), while maintaining the systolic blood pressure >80 mmHg. The integrity of autoregulation was assessed by calculating the gain factor Gf = 1 — [(ΔF/F)/(ΔP/P)]. Cats were examined intact, after hexamethonium (10 mg/kg), and after papaverine (6 mg/kg). Reduction of blood pressure of 25 to 60 mmHg produced equivalent drops in carotid blood flow ( Gf = 0.041 ± 0.34; mean ± standard deviation, n = 12). There were only small changes in flow in the middle meningeal artery during this procedure ( Gf = 0.91 ± 0.29). Hexamethonium did not block autoregulation in the middle meningeal artery ( Gf = 0.92 ± 0.13, n = 4). However, papaverine almost completely abolished the ability of the artery to autoregulate ( Gf = 0.10 ± 0.16, n = 7). The results suggest that the middle meningeal artery possesses an ability similar to that of the cortical circulation to autoregulate its blood flow through intrinsic, non-neuronal mechanisms. This will have important implications for the study of disturbances of dural arterial control in migraine and other headaches.

scholarly journals Potentiation of the hypoxic preconditioning effect by antihypoxants

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Vasiliy E. Novikov ◽  
Olga S. Levchenkova ◽  
Elena I. Klimkina ◽  
Konstantin N. Kulagin
Keyword(s):  
Hypobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Hypoxic Preconditioning ◽  
Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Hypoxia With Hypercapnia ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

The development of effective methods to increase the organism resistance to hypoxia is an important task of current medicine. One of such methods is preconditioning, as a result of which, a potent mobilization of the adaptive organism abilities occurs under a preconditioning factor action. Aim. To study the possibility of potentiating of the hypoxic preconditioning effect with help of antihypoxants. Methods. Evaluation of the effectiveness of combined preconditioning (antihypoxants + moderate hypobaric hypoxia) was performed on experimental models of acute hypoxia with hypercapnia, acute hypobaric hypoxia in mice, and bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries in rats. Investigated antihypoxants are amtizol, hypoxen, cobazole, metaprot, mexidol, mildronate, substances under the codes VM-606, pQ-4 and pQ-1104. Results. PreC with use of amtizol at dose 25 mg/kg, cobazole at dose 30 mg/kg, VM-606, pQ-4 and pQ-1104 at doses 50 mg/kg in combination with moderate hypoxia increased the lifespan of mice in acute hypoxia with hypercapniamodel and acute hypobaric hypoxia from 57 to 170%. Combined preconditioning with amtizol, cobazole and pQ-4 significantly increased the survival rate of rats in cerebral ischemia, amtizol and pQ-4 reduced neurological deficiency in the post ischemic period as well. Conclusion. Antitipoxants as amtizol, cobazole, VM-606, pQ-4, pQ-1104 potentiate the hypoxic preconditioning effect on acute hypoxia with hypercapnia, acute hypobaric hypoxia and occlusion of the common carotid arteries models, the most significant effect was noted for amtizol and pQ-4. Signal role in the adaptation induction to hypoxia and ischemia by combined preconditioning with use of antihypoxants hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α can play.

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