scholarly journals Delayed Hypoperfusion after Incomplete Forebrain Ischemia in the Rat. The Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarne Grøgaard ◽  
Ludwig Schürer ◽  
Bengt Gerdin ◽  
Karl E. Arfors
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Local Blood Flow ◽  
Ischemic Insult ◽  
Ischemic Period ◽  
Normal Sheep Serum ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) in postischemic delayed hypoperfusion in the rat brain was investigated. Cerebral ischemia was accomplished by reversible bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries for 15 min combined with bleeding to an MABP of 50 mm Hg. The animals of one group were depleted of their circulating PMNLs by intraperitoneal injections of an antineutrophil serum (ANS) prior to the experiment. All animals included in this group had fewer than 0.2 × 109 circulating PMNLs/L at the start of the experiments. In another group ANS was injected intravenously for 5 min starting 2 min after the ischemic insult. After 4 min of recirculation, the number of circulating PMNLs in this group was below 10% of the normal. Control animals were injected with the same amount of normal sheep serum or were not treated at all. Sixty minutes after termination of ischemia, the local blood flow in previously ischemic cerebral structures was 40–50% of the normal as measured with the [14C]iodoantipyrine technique. In animals treated with ANS prior to the ischemic insult, the postischemic blood flow in the frontal, sensorimotor, and parietal cortex as well as caudoputamen and thalamus was significantly higher than that in non-ANS-treated animals. Treatment with ANS immediately after the ischemic period caused no improvement of the local CBF. It is concluded that PMNLs are involved in the cerebral postischemic flow derangements seen in this model. Their effects seem to be exerted during ischemia or immediately upon reinstitution of blood flow.

scholarly journals Dependence of the efficiency of the initial state of fosinopril structure common carotid arteries, intravascular blood flow and central hemodynamics at patients with arterial hypertension

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
L V Melnikova ◽  
L F Bartosh ◽  
O A Grechishkina
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Central Hemodynamic ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Aim. To study changes in structural and functional features of the common carotid arteries and central hemodynamic parameters under the influence of fosinopril at hypertensive patients depending on achieving target blood pressure.Material and methods. The study included 116 patients with essential hypertension. All patients underwent a general clinical study, an ultrasound scan of the common carotid arteries (CCA ) with the assessment of the structure and intravascular blood flow, and echocardiography with the definition of the parameters of central hemodynamic and intravascular, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) before the study and after 24 weeks of antihypertensive therapy angiotensin - converting enzyme fosinopril. Two groups of patients: the first group consisted of 74 people with the achievement of the targets of blood pressure (BP), the second 42 people who have not been achieved target BP levels.Results. In the first group there was a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of peripheral resistance, increased systolic index, distensibility coefficient of the common carotid arteries peak flow velocity. In the second group specific peripheral resistance was significantly increased, the thickness of the intima-media increased, decreased peak flow velocity.Conclusion. Effectiveness depends on fosinopril initial state total peripheral resistance, cardiac output, structural and functional features elastic arteries.

Thermoregulatory influences on common carotid blood flow in the dog

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1138-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Baker ◽  
M. J. Hawkins ◽  
R. D. Rader
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Carotid Blood Flow ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Common carotid blood flow (CCBF) and respiratory water loss (RWL) were measured in dogs resting at ambient temperatures between 25 and 50 degrees C, during hypothalamic heating, and during light and heavy exercise at ambient temperatures of 25 and 35 degrees C. In resting dogs, CCBF varied with the level of RWL. Elevations in CCBF and RWL occurred within seconds of each other during bursts of panting. Mean unilateral CCBF increased from 6.2 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 25 degrees C to 16.8 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 45 degrees C, in parallel with increasing RWL. Hypothalamic heating elicited simultaneous elevations in CCBF and RWL, and the level of CCBF was strongly correlated with the hypothalamic temperature. Both CCBF and RWL increased rapidly at the onset of exercise and continued to rise during a 15-min run. Highest rates of blood flow and evaporation occurred during heavy exercise at 35 degrees C. It is concluded that the rate of blood flow through the common carotid arteries in the dog is related to the thermoregulatory needs of the animal, and most of the increased flow occurring during heat stress is destined for evaporative surfaces of the nose, mouth, and tongue.

Pain Induces Decrease of Blood Flow in the Common Carotid Arteries in Cluster Headache Attacks

Cephalalgia ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hannerz ◽  
Tomas Jogestrand
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cluster Headache ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Initial Flow ◽  
Maximum Pain ◽  
Reflex Activation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Eighteen cluster headache patients and five controls were studied using ultrasound duplex techniques to measure blood flow in the common carotid arteries after nitroglycerin and placebo administration. Vessel diameter and blood flow tended to be greater before nitroglycerin in patients in the cluster headache period than in patients out of period and controls. Nitroglycerin tended to increase blood flow only in patients not in the cluster period and in controls. There was a significant decrease in common carotid blood flow and increase in vascular resistance related to maximum pain in both nitroglycerin-induced and spontaneous cluster headache attacks. Blood flow did not reach the initial flow values after the attack was over. In one patient a hyperventilation attack only temporarily decreased the pain. We suggest that the decrease in blood flow and increase in vascular resistance may be due to constriction of intracranial arteries by reflex activation of sympathetic efferents, rather than to decrease of arterial CO2 tension.

scholarly journals The severity of acute ischemic stroke is associated with the decrease in peak systolic velocity in the common carotid arteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Serova ◽  
V Serov ◽  
A Braun ◽  
A Kovalenko ◽  
A Shutov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Peak Systolic Velocity ◽  
Nihss Score ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction A negative effect on the prognosis of ischemic stroke of the aggressive decrease in blood pressure, leading to a decrease in cerebral blood flow, is known. On the other side, increased blood pressure can be a compensatory mechanism. Currently, however, it is difficult to assess the adequacy of cerebral blood flow, one of the indicators of which is the blood flow velocity in the common carotid artery. Purpose The aim of this study was to estimate the peak systolic velocity in the common carotid arteries (CCA PSV) depending on the severity of acute ischemic stroke (IS). Methods 180 patients with acute ischemic stroke (70 females and 110 males, mean age was 66.3 ± 12.3 years) were studied. Including 46 (25.6%) patients with cardioembolic stroke, 25 (13.9%) - with a thrombotic stroke, 27 (15.0%) – with a lacunar stroke and 82 (45.5%) – with undifferentiated stroke. Most of them 173 (96.1%) had grade 3 of arterial hypertension according to ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension, 2018. 59 (32.8%) patients had coronary artery disease, 52 (28.9%) - had atrial fibrillation. Patients were categorized according to National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) severity in mild NIHSS (<9) - 122 (67.8%) patients, moderate NIHSS (9–15) - 35 (19.4%) patients, and severe stroke NIHSS (>16) - 23 (12.8%) patients.  Median NIHSS score was 9.2 ± 0.9. All patients underwent a transthoracic echocardiography and a carotid ultrasound examination. A comparative assessment of echographic parameters was performed in patients of lower (NIHSS score ≤ 4.0) and upper (NIHSS score≥11.0) quartile according to the NIHSS score. Results It is shown a decrease of peak systolic velocity in the common carotid arteries with an increase in the severity of IS on the NIHSS scale: in mild stroke, it was 73.9 ± 18.7 cm/s, in moderate stroke - 66.3 ± 19.2 cm/s (p = 0.04), in severe stroke - 62.1 ± 17,4 cm/sec (p = 0.006 and p = 0.4, respectively). Peak systolic velocity in patients with the lower quartile of stroke severity was 73.8 ± 19.1 cm/sec, in the group of patients with the upper quartile – 64.3 ± 19.2 cm/sec (р=0.02). There were no differences in the resistance index of common carotid arteries: 0.75 ± 0.05, 0.76 ± 0.06 and 0.75 ± 0.07 for mild, moderate and severe severity, respectively, p > 0.5). A multiple linear regression analysis in which the severity of ischemic stroke on the NIHSS scale was a dependent variable and age, CCA PSV, common carotid artery intima–media thickness and systolic, diastolic and pulse blood pressure were independent variables, showed that the severity of ischemic stroke was independently correlated with the CCA PSV (β =-0.13, p = 0.009). Conclusions.1. It is shown the decrease of peak systolic velocity in the common carotid arteries with an increase in the severity of ischemic stroke on the NIHSS scale. 2. The reduction of CCA PSV exacerbates brain ischemia and reflecting disorders of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.

scholarly journals PLEIOTROPIC ENZYMES OF APOPTOSIS AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ALBINO RAT HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER OCCLUSION OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Avdeev ◽  
V. A. Akulinin ◽  
A. S. Stepanov ◽  
A. V. Gorbunova ◽  
S. S. Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Stratum Radiatum ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
Stratum Lucidum ◽  
Ischemic Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Ca3 Region

Aim: the aim of the study was to investigate the pleiotropic properties of the apoptotic enzyme caspase-3 and its associations with the synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus of albino rats in healthy animals and in rats after 20-min occlusion of the common carotid arteries.Material and Methods. Total numerical density of neurons, ultrastructure of synapses, and area of immunohistochemically positive hippocampal synaptic terminals of CA1 stratum radiatum and stratum lucidum CA3 were studied by the methods of optical microscopy (hematoxylin and eosin stain), electron microscopy (uranyl acetate and lead citrate as contrast agents), immunohistochemistry (MAP2, synaptophysin, caspase-3, p53, and bcl-2), and morphometry in the brains of intact rats (n=5) and in animals after acute ischemia at day 1 (n=5), 3 (n=5), 7 (n=5), 14 (n=5), and 30 (n=25).Results and Discussion. The study showed that 33.0% of pyramidal neurons in CA1 region and 17.4% of those in CA3 region underwent irreversible damage within 30 days of the post-ischemic period. Among the irreversibly damaged neurons, the cells with signs of coagulative-ischemic necrosis prevailed. In animals subject to ischemia, the relative area of synaptophysin-positive material initially decreased (at day 1) and then recovered (at days 3, 7). We found that caspase-3 colocalized with synaptophysin, which was especially evident in the giant synapses of the stratum lucidum of the hippocampal CA3 region. In the neurosomes of the hippocampal pyramidal cells, caspase-3 was not detected. However, this enzyme was found in the terminals of the axo-dendritic, axo-spine, and axo-somatic synapses. In the course of th e post-ischemic period, the most pronounced changes in the expression of caspase-3 were observed in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 field. Apoptosis regulatory proteins (p53, bcl-2) were detected in the individual neurons. In this regard, caspase-3 should be viewed in the context of its pleiotropy and involvement in the adaptation and recovery processes due to post-ischemic activation of neuroplasticity at the level of axons and synapses.Conclusion. After acute ischemia caused by 20-min occlusion of the common carotid arteries, the activation of caspase-3 contributes to ischemic preconditioning and neuroprotection.

L-type Ca2+ channels in fetal and adult ovine cerebral arteries

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (1) ◽  
pp. R131-R138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlin B. Blood ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Wen Long ◽  
Lubo Zhang ◽  
Lawrence D. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Bay K 8644 ◽  
Channel Density ◽  
Immunoblotting Assay ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Fetal Vessels ◽  
Ca2 Channels

Recently, we reported that, whereas in cerebral arteries of the adult a majority of norepinephrine (NE)-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) comes from release of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores, in the fetus the SR Ca2+ stores are relatively small, and NE-induced increase in [Ca2+]i results mainly from activation of plasma membrane L-type Ca2+ channels (20). In an effort to establish further the role of L-type Ca2+ channels in the developing cerebral arteries, we tested the hypothesis that, in the fetus, increased reliance on plasmalemmal L-type Ca2+ channels is mediated, in part, by increased L-type Ca2+ channel density. We used3H-labeled (+)isopropyl-4-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-y1)-1,4-dihydro-(2,6-dimethyl-5-methoxycarbonyl)pyridine-3-carboxylate (PN200–110, isradipine) to measure L-type Ca2+ channel density (Bmax) in the cerebral arteries, common carotid artery (CCA), and descending aortae of fetal (∼140 gestation days), newborn (7–10 days), and adult sheep. In the cerebral and common carotid arteries, Bmax values (fmol/mg protein) of fetuses and newborns were significantly greater than those of adults. Western immunoblotting assay also revealed that the density of L-type Ca2+ channel protein in the cerebral arteries and CCA was about twofold greater in the fetus than the adult. Finally, compared with the adult, fetal cerebral arteries demonstrated a significantly greater maximum tension and [Ca2+]i in response to stimulation with the L-type Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K 8644. In addition, Bay K 8644-stimulated fetal vessels demonstrated a maximal tension and [Ca2+]isimilar to that observed in response to stimulation with 10−4 NE. These results support the idea that fetal cerebrovascular smooth muscle relies more on extracellular Ca2+ and L-type Ca2+ channels for contraction than does the adult and that this increased reliance is mediated, in part, by greater L-type Ca2+ channel density. This may have important implications in the regulation of cerebral blood flow in the developing organism.

scholarly journals Bilateral Displacement of the Common Carotid Arteries by a Large Goiter

Cureus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lexian J McBain ◽  
Joe Iwanaga ◽  
Rod J Oskouian ◽  
Marios Loukas ◽  
R. Shane Tubbs
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Large Goiter ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries
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