scholarly journals Initial carbonate weathering is linked with vegetation development along a 127-year glacial retreat chronosequence in the subtropical high mountainous Hailuogou region (SW China)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Basdediós ◽  
Zhilin Zhong ◽  
Yanhong Wu ◽  
Wolfgang Wilcke
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Plant Succession ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Carbonate Weathering ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
Glacial Retreat ◽  
Soil Organic Layer ◽  
Vegetation Establishment

Abstract Aims The retreat of glaciers is exposing new terrains to primary plant succession around the globe. To improve the understanding of vegetation development along a glacier retreat chronosequence, we (i) evaluated a possible link between base metal (Ca, Mg, K, Na) supply and vegetation establishment, (ii) determined the rates of the establishment of soil and plant base metal stocks, and (iii) estimated the size of the main base metal fluxes. Methods We determined base metal stocks in the soil organic layer, the mineral topsoil (0–10 cm), and in leaves/needles, trunk, bark, branches and roots of the dominating shrub and tree species and estimated fluxes of atmospheric deposition, plant uptake and leaching losses along the 127-yr Hailuogou chronosequence. Results Total ecosystem Ca and Mg stocks decreased along the chronosequence, while those of K and Na were unrelated with ecosystem age. Fortyfour and 30% of the initial stocks of Ca and Mg, respectively, were leached during the first 47 years, at rates of 130 ± 10.6 g m−2 year−1 Ca and 35 ± 3.1 g m−2 year−1 Mg. The organic layer accumulated at a mean rate of 288 g m−2 year−1 providing a bioavailable base metal stock, which was especially important for K cycling. Conclusions We suggest that the initial high Ca bioavailability because of a moderately alkaline soil pH and carbonate depletion in 47 years, together with the dissolution of easily-weatherable silicates providing enough Mg and K to the pioneer vegetation, contributed to the establishment of the mature forest in ca. 80 years.

Measuring unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K(ψm)) of the F and H soil organic layers at small matric potential (ψm)

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-968
Author(s):  
B. Wilske ◽  
E. A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Soil Organic Layer ◽  
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Constant Head

Wilske, B. and Johnson, E. A. 2011. Measuring unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K(ψm)) of the F and H soil organic layers at small matric potential (ψm). Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 965–968. K(ψm) of the soil organic layers is a key parameter to assess water redistribution in cold-climate forests. This study tested the twin suction disc apparatus (TSD) as a new method to measure K(ψm) of the F and H layers directly. We compared the results to two studies. One represents a large data base, the other used similar sample locations; but both derived K(ψm) from combining two methods, i.e., pressure plate measurements combined with the instantaneous profile technique or the constant head approach. The TSD data are consistent with previous results considering the large variability in K(ψm) from the combined methods. This suggests that the TSD method represents an alternative to determine K(ψm) of the soil organic layer.

scholarly journals Sequential Extraction Resulted in Similar Fractionation of Ionic Zn, Nano- and Microparticles of ZnO in Acidic and Alkaline Soil

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1077
Author(s):  
Martin Šebesta ◽  
Martin Urík ◽  
Marek Kolenčík ◽  
Marek Bujdoš ◽  
Peter Matúš
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Extraction ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Sequential Extraction Procedure ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Bcr Sequential Extraction ◽  
The Difference

The evaluation of nanoparticle bioavailability or the bioavailability of dissolved elements by direct measurement through plant uptake is a strenuous process. Several multi-step sequential extraction procedures, including the BCR sequential extraction procedure, have been created to provide potential accessibility of elements, where real soil-plant transfer can be problematic to implement. However, these have limitations of their own based on the used extractants. For the purposes of our research, we enriched two soils: an untilted forest soil with naturally acidic pH and a tilted agricultural soil with alkaline pH by three Zn forms—ionic Zn in the form of ZnSO4, ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NP) and larger particles of ZnO (ZnO B)—by batch sorption. We then extracted the retained Zn in the soils by BCR sequential extraction procedure to extract three fractions: ion exchangeable, reducible, and oxidizable. The results were compared among the soils and a comparison between the different forms was made. Regardless of the difference in soil pH and other soil properties, ZnO NP, ZnO B, and ionic Zn showed little to no difference in the relative distribution between the observed soil fractions in both forest soil and agricultural soil. Since ionic Zn is more available for plant uptake, BCR sequential extraction procedure may overestimate the easily available Zn when amendment with ionic Zn is compared to particulate Zn. The absence of a first extraction step with mild extractant, such as deionized water, oversimplifies the processes the particulate Zn undergoes in soils.

Disappearance ofs-Triazines as Affected by Soil pH Using a Balance-Sheet Approach

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Best ◽  
J. B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Initial Amount ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Microbial Action ◽  
Atrazine Degradation

The effect of soil pH on the disappearance of14C ring-labeled atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], hydroxyatrazine [2-hydroxy-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], and prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] were studied over a 5-month period in a Bladen silt loam soil under greenhouse conditions. Employment of an integrated system allowed simultaneous monitoring of degradation, volatilization, respiration, plant uptake, and leaching processes. A resulting balance-sheet indicated that a range of 87 to 99% of the14C added could be accounted for after 5 months. Degradation was found to be the primary mode of dissipation. The pattern of atrazine degradation was characteristic of nonbiological processes, while prometryne degradation was probably by microbial action. Hydroxyatrazine was the major metabolite from the atrazine treatments while prometryne yielded an unknown and hydroxypropazine [2-hydroxy-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine]. Ex-tractable atrazine after 5 months amounted to 35% of the initial amount added in the pH 7.5 soil and 11% in the pH 5.5 soil, while prometryne occurred as 10% in the pH 7.5 soil and 42% in the pH 5.5 soil. Plant uptake and leaching occurred to a greater extent in the more alkaline soil with each chemical, but these pathways along with volatilization and respiration were minor contributors toward the disappearance of these herbicides.

scholarly journals Nutrient availability at different altitudes in a tropical montane forest in Ecuador

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Soethe ◽  
Johannes Lehmann ◽  
Christof Engels
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Tropical Montane Forest ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Soil Organic Layer ◽  
C:P Ratios

AbstractWe measured macronutrient concentrations in soils and leaves of trees, shrubs and herbs at 1900, 2400 and 3000 m in an Ecuadorian tropical montane forest. Foliar N, P, S and K concentrations in trees were highest at 1900 m (21.7, 2.2, 1.9 and 10.0 mg g−1). At 2400 and 3000 m, foliar concentrations of N, P, S and K were similar to nutrient concentrations in tropical trees with apparent nutrient deficiency, as presented in literature. Unlike foliar nutrient concentrations, the amounts of plant-available nutrients in mineral soil were not affected by altitude or increased significantly with increasing altitude. High C:N ratios (25:1 at 2400 m and 34:1 at 3000 m) and C:P ratios (605:1 at 2400 m and 620:1 at 3000 m) in the soil organic layer suggested slow mineralization of plant litter and thus, a low availability of N and P at high altitudes. Foliar N:P ratios were significantly higher at 2400 m (11.3:1) than at 3000 m (8.3:1), indicating that at high altitudes, N supply was more critical than P supply. In conclusion, the access of plants to several nutrients, most likely N, P, S and K, decreased markedly with increasing altitude in this tropical montane forest.

Response of soil organic layer characteristics to logging residues in three Scots pine thinning stands

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aino Smolander ◽  
Veikko Kitunen ◽  
Mikko Kukkola ◽  
Pekka Tamminen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Soil Organic Layer

scholarly journals Soil carbon stock increases in the organic layer of boreal middle-aged stands

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1279-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Häkkinen ◽  
J. Heikkinen ◽  
R. Mäkipää
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Soil Carbon Stock ◽  
Soil Organic Layer

Abstract. Changes in the soil carbon stock can potentially have a large influence on global carbon balance between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere. Since carbon sequestration of forest soils is influenced by human activities, reporting of the soil carbon pool is a compulsory part of the national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. Various soil carbon models are applied in GHG inventories, however, the verification of model-based estimates is lacking. In general, the soil carbon models predict accumulation of soil carbon in the middle-aged stands, which is in good agreement with chronosequence studies and flux measurements of eddy sites, but they have not been widely tested with repeated measurements of permanent plots. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon changes in the organic layer of boreal middle-aged forest stands. Soil carbon changes on re-measured sites were analyzed by using soil survey data that was based on composite samples as a first measurement and by taking into account spatial variation on the basis of the second measurement. By utilizing earlier soil surveys, a long sampling interval, which helps detection of slow changes, could be readily available. The range of measured change in the soil organic layer varied from −260 to 1260 g m−2 over the study period of 16–19 years and 23 ± 2 g m−2 per year, on average. The increase was significant in 6 out of the 38 plots from which data were available. Although the soil carbon change was difficult to detect at the plot scale, the overall increase measured across the middle-aged stands agrees with predictions of the commonly applied soil models. Further verification of the soil models is needed with larger datasets that cover wider geographical area and represent all age classes, especially young stands with potentially large soil carbon source.

Long-term effects of forest liming on mineral soil, organic layer and foliage chemistry: Insights from multiple beech experimental sites in Northern France

2018 ◽  
Vol 409 ◽  
pp. 872-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Court ◽  
Gregory van der Heijden ◽  
Serge Didier ◽  
Claude Nys ◽  
Claudine Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Soil Organic Layer ◽  
Forest Liming ◽  
Foliage Chemistry

Soil organic layer combustion in boreal black spruce and jack pine stands of the Northwest Territories, Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xanthe J. Walker ◽  
Jennifer L. Baltzer ◽  
Steven G. Cumming ◽  
Nicola J. Day ◽  
Jill F. Johnstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Soil Organic Layer ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Burn Depth

Increased fire frequency, extent and severity are expected to strongly affect the structure and function of boreal forest ecosystems. In this study, we examined 213 plots in boreal forests dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) or jack pine (Pinus banksiana) of the Northwest Territories, Canada, after an unprecedentedly large area burned in 2014. Large fire size is associated with high fire intensity and severity, which would manifest as areas with deep burning of the soil organic layer (SOL). Our primary objectives were to estimate burn depth in these fires and then to characterise landscapes vulnerable to deep burning throughout this region. Here we quantify burn depth in black spruce stands using the position of adventitious roots within the soil column, and in jack pine stands using measurements of burned and unburned SOL depths. Using these estimates, we then evaluate how burn depth and the proportion of SOL combusted varies among forest type, ecozone, plot-level moisture and stand density. Our results suggest that most of the SOL was combusted in jack pine stands regardless of plot moisture class, but that black spruce forests experience complete combustion of the SOL only in dry and moderately well-drained landscape positions. The models and calibrations we present in this study should allow future research to more accurately estimate burn depth in Canadian boreal forests.

Fire, climate change, and forest resilience in interior AlaskaThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska's Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming.

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1302-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill F. Johnstone ◽  
F. Stuart Chapin ◽  
Teresa N. Hollingsworth ◽  
Michelle C. Mack ◽  
Vladimir Romanovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Landscape Configuration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Soil Organic Layer

In the boreal forests of interior Alaska, feedbacks that link forest soils, fire characteristics, and plant traits have supported stable cycles of forest succession for the past 6000 years. This high resilience of forest stands to fire disturbance is supported by two interrelated feedback cycles: (i) interactions among disturbance regime and plant–soil–microbial feedbacks that regulate soil organic layer thickness and the cycling of energy and materials, and (ii) interactions among soil conditions, plant regeneration traits, and plant effects on the environment that maintain stable cycles of forest community composition. Unusual fire events can disrupt these cycles and trigger a regime shift of forest stands from one stability domain to another (e.g., from conifer to deciduous forest dominance). This may lead to abrupt shifts in forest cover in response to changing climate and fire regime, particularly at sites with intermediate levels of moisture availability where stand-scale feedback cycles are only weakly constrained by environmental conditions. However, the loss of resilience in individual stands may foster resilience at the landscape scale, if changes in the landscape configuration of forest cover types feedback to stabilize regional patterns of fire behavior and climate conditions.

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