bcr sequential extraction
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2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Gabriela Pisarčíková ◽  
Lucia Závodská ◽  
Juraj Lesný

85Sr as radioindicator has been applied to strontium separation selectivity study using cisdicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6) as extraction agent and picric acid as counter ion with the aim to contribute to the development of a rapid method of strontium extraction. The same radioindicator has been used for strontium fractionation study in chosen soils by application of Tessier- and BCR sequential extraction procedures. Experimental results have shown, that the mentioned extraction system is applicable for IDA determination of Sr2+ in ∼1000-fold abundance of Ca2+, ∼1000-fold abundance and Mg2+, ∼10-fold abundance of K+ and ∼0.2-fold abundance of Ba2+. For the soil samples - chernozems developed on loess - from the near vicinity of NPP Jaslovské Bohunice the exchangeable strontium fraction reached as much as 50 – 60 %.


Author(s):  
Zygmunt Mariusz Gusiatin ◽  
Jurate Kumpiene ◽  
Ivan Carabante ◽  
Maja Radziemska ◽  
Martin Brtnicky

This paper presents experimental results from the use of biosurfactants in the remediation of a soil from a smelter in Poland. In the soil, concentrations of Cu (1659.1 mg/kg) and Pb (290.8 mg/kg) exceeded the limit values. Triple batch washing was tested as a soil treatment. Three main variants were used, each starting with a different plant-derived (saponin, S; tannic acid, T) or microbial (rhamnolipids, R) biosurfactant solution in the first washing, followed by 9 different sequences using combinations of the tested biosurfactants (27 in total). The efficiency of the washing was determined based on the concentration of metal removed after each washing (CR), the cumulative removal efficiency (Ecumulative) and metal stability (calculated as the reduced partition index, Ir, based on the metal fractions from BCR sequential extraction). The type of biosurfactant sequence influenced the CR values. The variants that began with S and R had the highest average Ecumulative for Cu and Pb, respectively. The Ecumulative value correlated very strongly (r > 0.8) with the stability of the residual metals in the soil. The average Ecumulative and stability of Cu were the highest, 87.4% and 0.40, respectively, with the S-S-S, S-S-T, S-S-R and S-R-T sequences. Lead removal and stability were the highest, 64–73% and 0.36–0.41, respectively, with the R-R-R, R-R-S, R-S-R and R-S-S sequences. Although the loss of biosurfactants was below 10% after each washing, sequential washing with biosurfactants enriched the soil with external organic carbon by an average of 27-fold (S-first variant), 24-fold (R first) or 19-fold (T first). With regard to environmental limit values, metal stability and organic carbon resources, sequential washing with different biosurfactants is a beneficial strategy for the remediation of smelter-contaminated soil with given properties.


Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Robert Kowalik ◽  
Jolanta Latosińska ◽  
Monika Metryka-Telka ◽  
Rafał Porowski ◽  
Jarosław Gawdzik

Sewage sludge from sewage treatment plants has soil-forming and fertilising properties. However, sewage sludge cannot always be used in nature, including agriculture. One of the main reasons is the concentration of heavy metals. Sludge from wastewater treatment plants operating in MBR (membrane biological reactor) and SBR (sequential batch reactor) systems was analysed. Studies comparing the risk analysis of the natural use of sludge from MBR and SBR treatment plants were performed for the first time, due to the fact that more and more MBR plants, which are a BAT technology, are being developed in Poland, displacing the classical SBR plants. MBR technology uses a combination of activated sludge and filtration with microfiltration membranes. Wastewater treated in these reactors meets the highest quality standards, both in terms of physicochemical and microbiological aspects. This paper presents studies on the mobility of heavy metals in sewage sludge carried out using the BCR sequential extraction method. Geo-accumulation index (GAI), potential environmental risk index (ER), risk assessment code (RAC), and environmental risk determinant (ERD) were calculated. Heavy metals dominated the stable fractions in all cases. Furthermore, an increased content of copper and cadmium was observed in the MBR sludge. This fact is favourable in view of the efforts to eliminate heavy metals in the environment.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Guilin Han ◽  
Xingliang Xu

Human agricultural activities have resulted in widespread land degradation and soil contamination in the karst areas. However, the effects of reforestation after agricultural abandonment on the mobility risks and contamination of heavy metals have been rarely reported. In the present study, six soil profiles were selected from cropland and abandoned cropland with reforestation in the Puding karst regions of Southwest China. The Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction method was used to evaluate the compositions of different chemical fractions of soil heavy metals, including Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Ni, and Cd. The total contents of Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Mn in the croplands were significantly higher than those in the abandoned croplands. For all soils, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Fe were mainly concentrated in the residual fractions (>85%), whereas Mn and Cd were mostly observed in the non-residual fractions (>65%). The non-residual fractions of Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn in the croplands were higher than those in the abandoned croplands. These results indicated that the content and mobility of soil heavy metals decreased after reforestation. The individual contamination factor (ICF) and risk assessment code (RAC) showed that Cd contributed to considerable contamination of karst soils. The global contamination factor (GCF) and potential ecological risk index (RI) suggested low contamination and ecological risk of the investigated heavy metals in the croplands, moreover they can be further reduced after reforestation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-258
Author(s):  
Lamlile Khumalo ◽  
György Heltai ◽  
András Várhegyi ◽  
Márk Horváth

Abstract This study is part of the ongoing environmental monitoring program of the abandoned Mecsek uranium mine during the remediation period. During this program on the recultivated No.1 spoil bank, the radioactivity and the potentially toxic element (PTE) contents in the covering soil had shown some anomalies which refers to possible migration alongside the slope. Therefore, in a previous study, soil and plant samples were collected from top to bottom position of the slope and the total element content was determined by multi-elemental inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results have indicated that there was a high possibility for PTEs to be mobile and available for uptake by plants. To confirm this indication in the present study for the soil samples the BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied to characterise the environmental mobility of PTEs, and it was compared with soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results indicated that the ratio of Cd, Co, Mn, Pb, and U in the non-residual fractions ranged between 36.8 to 100 % and increased from top to bottom direction. The comparison showed that the samples with the lowest pH and CEC had the most mobility of the PTEs. The distribution of U, Cd, Mn, Co, and Pb in fractions indicated that some parts of the spoil deposit require additional steps to hinder the migration through the covering soil layer, and the BCR sequential extraction procedure has proven to be useful in providing information for the planning and management of remediation operations.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbin Yao ◽  
Zhihui Yang ◽  
Lei Huang ◽  
Changqing Su

Abstract Low molecular organic acids, such as amino acid, play an important role in cadmium (Cd) mobility. However, its complexation ability with Cd was not well studied. The complexation structure of amino and cadmium was investigated by theory calculation based on B3ly/SDD and detecting by FTIR spectrum. The conformers were found to be [COc, COc] for fatty amino-cadmium and PheCd2+, [COc, COc, COs] for GluCd2+and ThrCd2+, respectively. The complex energy of these conformers was calculated in water phase by SMD model and the order of chelation energy was; PheCd2+> AlaCd2+ > LeuCd2+ > GluCd2+ > GlyCd2+ > ThrCd2+. All the dissolving energy of complexes was below zero, indicating these complexes was easily dissolved in water. In aqueous solution experiment, the Cd2+ concentration decreased with increasing amino acid concentration. The order of logβ (Complex stability constant) was: PheCd2+> AlaCd2+ > LeuCd2+ > GluCd2+ > GlyCd2+ > ThrCd2+, consisting with the order of calculated chelation energy. The Cd removal efficiency by Thr, Glu, Gly, Ala, Leu and Phe were 38.88%, 37.47%, 35.5%, 34.72%, 34.04% and 31.99%, respectively. From soil batch experiment, the total Cd in soil was decreased in present of amino acid with the concentration of Cd in water increased from 231.97 µg/L to 652.94-793.51 µg/L. The results of BCR sequential extraction showed that the Cd in acid soluble and reducible fraction sharply decreased. From all the results, the amino acid has potential to be used as a chelation to remedy the Cd contaminated soil.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Binbin Li ◽  
Songxiong Ding ◽  
Haihong Fan ◽  
Yu Ren

Experimental investigations were carried out to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the characteristics, structure and total heavy metal contents of sewage sludge biochar (SSB). The changes in chemical forms of the heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) caused by pyrolysis were analyzed, and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in biochar (SSB) was evaluated. The conversion of sewage sludge into biochar by pyrolysis reduced the H/C and O/C ratios considerably, resulting in stronger carbonization and a higher degree of aromatic condensation in biochar. Measurement results showed that the pH and specific surface area of biochar increased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. It was found that elements Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni were enriched and confined in biochar SSB with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 300–700 °C; however, the residual rates of Pb and Cd in biochar SSB decreased significantly when the temperature was increased from 600 °C to 700 °C. Measurement with the BCR sequential extraction method revealed that the pyrolysis of sewage sludge at a suitable temperature transferred its bioavailable/degradable heavy metals into a more stable oxidizable/residual form in biochar SSB. Toxicity of heavy metals in biochar SSB could be reduced about four times if sewage sludge was pyrolyzed at a proper temperature; heavy metals confined in sludge SSB pyrolyzed at about 600 °C could be assessed as being low in ecological toxicity.


Talanta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 121543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paramee Kumkrong ◽  
Patrick H.J. Mercier ◽  
Indu Pihilligawa Gedara ◽  
Ovi Mihai ◽  
Daniel D. Tyo ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Katerina Vejvodova ◽  
Ondřej Drábek ◽  
Christopher Ash ◽  
Václav Tejnecký ◽  
Karel Němeček ◽  
...  

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of clay as an amendment to decrease the mobility and plant availability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Kaolinite and vermiculite were added at a 9% application rate to a contaminated garden soil from Kutná Hora. Half of the original soil was acidified by the addition of HNO<sub>3</sub>, to observe the effect of the pH on the adsorption of the PTEs. The samples were analysed four times over an eight-week period to evaluate the effect of the clay additions on the As, Cd, Pb and Zn plant availability and different fractions of the BCR sequential extraction. The results indicate that the PTEs were mainly bound by ion/cation exchange on the edges of the clay minerals and onto the Fe/Mn oxides and organic fractions in the soils. The significance (P &lt; 0.05) of the pH was observed for the plant availability of the PTE, especially on the As and Cd. A comparison of the vermiculite in the form of chunks and as powder displayed the most statistically significant results, where the vermiculite powder significantly decreased the plant availability of the As, Cd and Pb, while the opposite effect was observed for the Zn.


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