scholarly journals Contrasting Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty Measures in a Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Country

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Salecker ◽  
Anar K. Ahmadov ◽  
Leyla Karimli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Over Time

AbstractDespite significant progress in poverty measurement, few studies have undertaken an in-depth comparison of monetary and multidimensional measures in the context of low-income countries and fewer still in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet the differences can be particularly consequential in these settings. We address this gap by applying a distinct analytical strategy to the case of Rwanda. Using data from two waves of the Rwandan Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey, we combine comparing poverty rates cross-sectionally and over time, examining the overlaps and differences in the two measures, investigating poverty rates within population sub-groups, and estimating several statistical models to assess the differences between the two measures in identifying poverty risk factors. We find that using a monetary measure alone does not capture high incidence of multidimensional poverty in both waves, that it is possible to be multidimensional poor without being monetary poor, and that using a monetary measure alone overlooks significant change in multidimensional poverty over time. The two measures also differ in which poverty risk factors they put emphasis on. Relying only on monetary measures in low-income sub-Saharan Africa can send inaccurate signals to policymakers regarding the optimal design of social policies as well as monitoring their effectiveness.

scholarly journals Risk factors of intrauterine fetal death: a case control study at the maternity of Yaoundé Central Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2149
Author(s):  
Romaric Joel Tetsiguia Momo ◽  
Jeanne Hortence Fouedjio ◽  
Florent Ymélé Fouelifack ◽  
Robinson Enow Mbu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Resistive Index ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Intrauterine Fetal Death ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Weekly Assessment

Background: Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) is the death before the beginning of the work of the fetus from the 28th week of pregnancy or a fetus of weight greater than or equal to 1000g. It occurs in 98% in poor countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for IUFD in low-income countries.Methods: All the women with preeclampsia from 30 weeks onwards were enrolled in the study. The umblical artery (UA) Systolic-diastolic (S/D) ratio >2 standard deviation (SD) or UA-pulsatility index (PI) and UA-resistive index (RI) >2 SD were taken as abnormal. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) was visualised and cerebroumblical PI ratio calculated. MCA-RI<2SD was taken as abnormal.Results: Independent risk factors for IUFD are age over 30 years (ORa = 2.1, P = 0.052), (ORa = 2.4497, p = 0.01), household occupation (ORa = 2.0097, p = 0.0282), hypertension disorders (ORa = 2.11, p = 0.0176), antepartal haemorrhage (ORa = 3.9635, p = 0.000), multiparity (ORa = 13.3089, p = 0.0056).Conclusions: The main risk factors for IUFD identified in our study are maternal age greater than 30 years, hypertension, antepartal haemorrhage, multiparity, and the household profession. Any pregnant woman who has one of these factors should be follow-up closely during pregnancy with a weekly assessment of fetal well-being by the 28th week.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risk Factor mapping and distribution among adults in Mukono and Buikwe districts in Uganda: small area analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geofrey Musinguzi ◽  
Rawlance Ndejjo ◽  
Isaac Ssinabulya ◽  
Hilde Bastiaens ◽  
Harm van Marwijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Generalized Linear Modelling ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing an increasing burden of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). Modifiable risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, central obesity, sedentary behaviours, smoking, poor diet (characterised by inadequate vegetable and fruit consumption), and psychosocial stress are attributable to the growing burden of CVDs. Small geographical area mapping and analysis of these risk factors for CVD is lacking in most of sub-Saharan Africa and yet such data has the potential to inform monitoring and exploration of patterns of morbidity, health-care use, and mortality, as well as the epidemiology of risk factors. In the current study, we map and describe the distribution of the CVD risk factors in 20 parishes in two neighbouring districts in Uganda. Methods A baseline survey benchmarking a type-2 hybrid stepped wedge cluster randomised trial design was conducted in December 2018 and January 2019. A sample of 4372 adults aged 25-70 years was drawn from 3689 randomly selected households across 80 villages in 20 parishes in Mukono and Buikwe districts in Uganda. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear modelling controlled for clustering were conducted for this analysis in Stata 13.0, and a visual map showing risk factor distribution developed in QGIS. Results Mapping the prevalence of selected CVD risk factors indicated substantial gender and small area geographic heterogeneity. Patterns and clustering were observed for some major risk factors for CVDs including hypertension, physical inactivity, smoking, and risk factor combination. Prevalence of unhealthy diet was very high across all parishes with no significant observable differences across areas. Conclusion Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are common in this low income context. Moreover, across small area geographic setting, it appears significant differences in distribution of risk factors exist. These differences suggest that underlying drivers such as sociocultural, environmental and economic determinants may be promoting or inhibiting the observed risk factor prevalences which should be further explored.

scholarly journals Once The Eldery, Now The Youth : Epidemiological Study Of Non-Communicable Diseases Among Children Under 15 Years Of Age In Yaoundé-Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaise Nguendo Yongsi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Primordial Prevention ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, communicable diseases have long been among the most prominent contributors to disease burden. However, like most low-income and middle-income countries across the globe, countries in sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing a shift from disease-burden profiles dominated by communicable diseases and childhood illnesses to profiles featuring an increasing predominance of chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Objective : The main objective of this study is to investigate the magnitude of non-communicable chronic diseases at the Chantal Biya Foundation in Yaoundé. Design and participants: This is an institution-based and cross-sectional study conducted from january to december 2018. Participants were in and out patients who visited the institution and whose a medical condition was clearly diagnosed. Results : Of the 643 medical records, leading causes of visit were infectious diseases (51.1%), followed by NCDs (48.9%). Diagnosed NCDs range from sickle cell disease (5.7%), injuries (9.8%), cardiovascular diseases (12.0%), to cancers (25.0%). Conclusion There is a significant burden of NCDs among adolescents in Yaoundé. Then, interventions for primordial prevention (ie, actions to inhibit the emergence of NCD risk factors) and primary prevention (ie, actions on existing NCD risk factors), as well as educational programmes on leading modifiable behavioural risk factors and metabolic risk factors are crucial.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risk Factor mapping and distribution among adults in Mukono and Buikwe districts in Uganda: small area analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geofrey Musinguzi ◽  
Rawlance Ndejjo ◽  
Isaac Ssinabulya ◽  
Hilde Bastiaens ◽  
Harm van Marwijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Generalized Linear Modelling ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing an increasing burden of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). Modifiable risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, central obesity, sedentary behaviours, smoking, poor diet (characterised by inadequate vegetable and fruit consumption), and psychosocial stress are attributable to the growing burden of CVDs. Small geographical area mapping and analysis of these risk factors for CVD is lacking in most of sub-Saharan Africa and yet such data has the potential to inform monitoring and exploration of patterns of morbidity, health-care use, and mortality, as well as the epidemiology of risk factors. In the current study, we map and describe the distribution of the CVD risk factors in 20 parishes in two neighbouring districts in Uganda. Methods A baseline survey benchmarking a type-2 hybrid stepped wedge cluster randomised trial design was conducted in December 2018 and January 2019. A sample of 4372 adults aged 25-70 years was drawn from 3689 randomly selected households across 80 villages in 20 parishes in Mukono and Buikwe districts in Uganda. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear modelling controlled for clustering were conducted for this analysis in Stata 13.0, and a visual map showing risk factor distribution developed in QGIS. Results Mapping the prevalence of selected CVD risk factors indicated substantial gender and small area geographic heterogeneity. Patterns and clustering were observed for some major risk factors for CVDs including hypertension, physical inactivity, smoking, and risk factor combination. Prevalence of unhealthy diet is very high across all parishes with no significant observable difference. Conclusion Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are common in this low income context. Moreover, across small area geographic setting, it appears significant differences in distribution of risk factors exist. These differences suggest that underlying drivers such as sociocultural, environmental and economic determinants may be promoting or inhibiting the observed risk factor prevalences which should be further explored.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risk Factor mapping and distribution among adults in Mukono and Buikwe districts in Uganda: small area analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geofrey Musinguzi ◽  
Rawlance Ndejjo ◽  
Isaac Ssinabulya ◽  
Hilde Bastiaens ◽  
Harm van Marwijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Generalized Linear Modelling ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing an increasing burden of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). Modifiable risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, central obesity, sedentary behaviours, smoking, poor diet (characterised by inadequate vegetable and fruit consumption), and psychosocial stress are attributable to the growing burden of CVDs. Small geographical area mapping and analysis of these risk factors for CVD is lacking in most of sub-Saharan Africa and yet such data has the potential to inform monitoring and exploration of patterns of morbidity, health-care use, and mortality, as well as the epidemiology of risk factors. In the current study, we map and describe the distribution of the CVD risk factors in 20 parishes in two neighbouring districts in Uganda. Methods A baseline survey benchmarking a type-2 hybrid stepped wedge cluster randomised trial design was conducted in December 2018 and January 2019. A sample of 4372 adults aged 25-70 years was drawn from 3689 randomly selected households across 80 villages in 20 parishes in Mukono and Buikwe districts in Uganda. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear modelling controlled for clustering were conducted for this analysis in Stata 13.0, and a visual map showing risk factor distribution developed in QGIS. Results Mapping the prevalence of selected CVD risk factors indicated substantial gender and small area geographic heterogeneity. Patterns and clustering were observed for some major risk factors for CVDs including hypertension, physical inactivity, smoking, and risk factor combination. Prevalence of unhealthy diet is very high across all parishes with no significant observable difference. Conclusion Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are common in this low income context. Moreover, across small area geographic setting, it appears significant differences in distribution of risk factors exist. These differences suggest that underlying drivers such as sociocultural, environmental and economic determinants may be promoting or inhibiting the observed risk factor prevalences which should be further explored.

Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Policy Regimes ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Policy Work ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Policy Guidance

Having broadly stabilized inflation over the past two decades, many policymakers in sub-Saharan Africa are now asking more of their monetary policy frameworks. They are looking to avoid policy misalignments and respond appropriately to both domestic and external shocks, including swings in fiscal policy and spikes in food and export prices. In many cases they are finding current regimes—often characterized as ‘money targeting’—lacking, with opaque and sometimes inconsistent objectives, inadequate transmission of policy to the economy, and difficulties in responding to supply shocks. At the same time, little existing research on monetary policy is targeted to low-income countries. What do we know about the empirics of monetary transmission in low-income countries? (How) Does monetary policy work in countries characterized by a huge share of food in consumption, underdeveloped financial markets, and opaque policy regimes? (How) Can we use methods largely derived in advanced countries to answer these questions? And (how) can we use the results to guide policymakers? This book draws on years of research and practice at the IMF and in central banks from the region to shed empirical and theoretical light on these questions and to provide practical tools and policy guidance. A key feature of the book is the application of dynamic general equilibrium models, suitably adapted to reflect key features of low-income countries, for the analysis of monetary policy in sub-Saharan African countries.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic: the implications of the natural history, challenges of diagnosis and management for care in sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Omo-Aghoja ◽  
Emuesiri Goodies Moke ◽  
Kenneth Kelechi Anachuna ◽  
Adrian Itivere Omogbiya ◽  
Emuesiri Kohworho Umukoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Identification Technique ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Policies And Programs

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory infection which has afflicted virtually almost all nations of the earth. It is highly transmissible and represents one of the most serious pandemics in recent times, with the capacity to overwhelm any healthcare system and cause morbidity and fatality. Main content The diagnosis of this disease is daunting and challenging as it is dependent on emerging clinical symptomatology that continues to increase and change very rapidly. The definitive test is the very expensive and scarce polymerase chain reaction (PCR) viral identification technique. The management has remained largely supportive and empirical, as there are no officially approved therapeutic agents, vaccines or antiviral medications for the management of the disease. Severe cases often require intensive care facilities and personnel. Yet there is paucity of facilities including the personnel required for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is against this backdrop that a review of key published reports on the pandemic in SSA and globally is made, as understanding the natural history of a disease and the documented responses to diagnosis and management is usually a key public health strategy for designing and improving as appropriate, relevant interventions. Lead findings were that responses by most nations of SSA were adhoc, paucity of public health awareness strategies and absence of legislations that would help enforce preventive measures, as well as limited facilities (including personal protective equipment) and institutional capacities to deliver needed interventions. Conclusion COVID-19 is real and has overwhelmed global health care system especially low-income countries of the sub-Sahara such as Nigeria. Suggestions for improvement of healthcare policies and programs to contain the current pandemic and to respond more optimally in case of future pandemics are made herein.

scholarly journals Gestational weight gain in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling analysis using nationally representative data

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. e003423
Author(s):  
Dongqing Wang ◽  
Molin Wang ◽  
Anne Marie Darling ◽  
Nandita Perumal ◽  
Enju Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sub Saharan

IntroductionGestational weight gain (GWG) has important implications for maternal and child health and is an ideal modifiable factor for preconceptional and antenatal care. However, the average levels of GWG across all low-income and middle-income countries of the world have not been characterised using nationally representative data.MethodsGWG estimates across time were computed using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys Program. A hierarchical model was developed to estimate the mean total GWG in the year 2015 for all countries to facilitate cross-country comparison. Year and country-level covariates were used as predictors, and variable selection was guided by the model fit. The final model included year (restricted cubic splines), geographical super-region (as defined by the Global Burden of Disease Study), mean adult female body mass index, gross domestic product per capita and total fertility rate. Uncertainty ranges (URs) were generated using non-parametric bootstrapping and a multiple imputation approach. Estimates were also computed for each super-region and region.ResultsLatin America and Caribbean (11.80 kg (95% UR: 6.18, 17.41)) and Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia (11.19 kg (95% UR: 6.16, 16.21)) were the super-regions with the highest GWG estimates in 2015. Sub-Saharan Africa (6.64 kg (95% UR: 3.39, 9.88)) and North Africa and Middle East (6.80 kg (95% UR: 3.17, 10.43)) were the super-regions with the lowest estimates in 2015. With the exception of Latin America and Caribbean, all super-regions were below the minimum GWG recommendation for normal-weight women, with Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa and Middle East estimated to meet less than 60% of the minimum recommendation.ConclusionThe levels of GWG are inadequate in most low-income and middle-income countries and regions. Longitudinal monitoring systems and population-based interventions are crucial to combat inadequate GWG in low-income and middle-income countries.

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