scholarly journals The Myth of Equal Opportunity in Germany? Wage Inequality and the Role of (Non-)academic Family Background for Differences in Capital Endowments and Returns on the Labour Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina S. Consiglio ◽  
Denisa M. Sologon
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Career Support ◽  
Significant Deficit ◽  
The University

AbstractWhile providing equal opportunities to all members of society independent of an individual’s socio-economic background is a major objective of German policy makers, educational opportunities of children with a non-academic family background are still unequally obstructed. When analysing the labour market implications of this disadvantage, social capital as an additional source of inequality often lacks attention. Drawing on the instrumental value of rather loose contacts (i.e. weak ties) on the labour market as revealed by Granovetter (Getting a job. A study of contacts and careers, The University of Chicago Press, Cambridge, 1974), this paper goes beyond the human capital approach and includes a measure of instrumental social capital in the form of weak-tie career support in the earnings function. Applying an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and quantile regressions, we find a significant average wage gap between those with and without an academic family background. A large part can be explained by deficits that those from less educated families incur with respect to human and instrumental social capital: Lower educational attainment accounts for more than half of the wage gap between the two groups while fewer career support explains around five percent of the differential. Additionally, a non-academic family background is associated with a significant deficit in returns to their instrumental social capital along the wage distribution. The findings therefore suggest that inequalities of opportunity on the German labour market occur beyond the education system, as not only the quantity but also the quality of career supporting networks of those from a non-academic family are inferior.

scholarly journals Somali immigrant women in the Canadian labour market : barriers and consequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Leila Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Somali Immigrants ◽  
Somali Women ◽  
The Government ◽  
Gendered Roles ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Policies And Programs

Somali women are experiencing barriers within the Canadian labour market due to islamophobia, racism, and their gendered roles. Like other racialized immigrants, Somali women's position within the labour market is peripheral. In Canada, racialized women experience precarious work, underemployment, unemployment and a noticeable wage gap. To add to these obstacles Somali women face the responsibility for social reproduction and lack in social capital. Somali immigrants and refugees in Canada have not received enough support from the government with regards to integration. Additionally, the labour market challenges and marginalization they experience results in poverty and has serious health consequences. However, Somali women exhibit resiliency and possess survival mechanisms. Inclusivity within the labour market for Somali women requires multi-sector policies and programs that combat inequality based on race, religion and gender. Key Words: Somali women, labour market, racism, islamophobia, social reproduction, social capital, Integration

scholarly journals Somali immigrant women in the Canadian labour market : barriers and consequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Leila Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Somali Immigrants ◽  
Somali Women ◽  
The Government ◽  
Gendered Roles ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Policies And Programs

Somali women are experiencing barriers within the Canadian labour market due to islamophobia, racism, and their gendered roles. Like other racialized immigrants, Somali women's position within the labour market is peripheral. In Canada, racialized women experience precarious work, underemployment, unemployment and a noticeable wage gap. To add to these obstacles Somali women face the responsibility for social reproduction and lack in social capital. Somali immigrants and refugees in Canada have not received enough support from the government with regards to integration. Additionally, the labour market challenges and marginalization they experience results in poverty and has serious health consequences. However, Somali women exhibit resiliency and possess survival mechanisms. Inclusivity within the labour market for Somali women requires multi-sector policies and programs that combat inequality based on race, religion and gender. Key Words: Somali women, labour market, racism, islamophobia, social reproduction, social capital, Integration

Glass Ceilings in Portugal?

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Ceiling Effect ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Women's Wages ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Women's Role

Despite the evidence of female progress with regard to women’s role in the labor market, gender inequality remains. Women are still less likely to be employed than men, occupational gender segregation continues, and females continue to earn less than males. The gender wage gap remains wide in several occupational sectors, among which is the information technology (IT) sector. This paper focuses the determinants of gender wage inequality. More precisely, it investigates for statistical evidence of a glass ceiling effect on women’s wages. Based on the quantile regression framework, the empirical analysis extends the decomposition of the average gender wage gap to other parts of the earnings distribution. The main objective is to empirically test whether gender-based wage discrimination is greater among high paid employees, in line with glass ceiling hypothesis. Larger unexplained gaps at the top of the wage distribution indicate the existence of a glass ceiling effect in Portugal.

scholarly journals Male–Female Wage Gap and Informal Employment in Bangladesh: A Quantile Regression Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafizur Rahman ◽  
Md. Al-Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Informal Employment ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Conditional Quantile ◽  
Female Wage ◽  
Quantile Estimates

This article undertakes an examination of Bangladesh’s latest available Quarterly Labour Force Survey 2015–2016 data to draw in-depth insights on gender wage gap and wage discrimination in Bangladesh labour market. The mean wage decomposition shows that on average a woman in Bangladesh earns 12.2 per cent lower wage than a man, and about half of the wage gap can be explained by labour market discrimination against women. Quantile counterfactual decomposition shows that women are subject to higher wage penalty at the lower deciles of the wage distribution with the wage gap varying between 8.3 per cent and 19.4 per cent at different deciles. We have found that at lower deciles, a significant part of the gender wage gap is on account of the relatively larger presence of informal employment. Conditional quantile estimates further reveal that formally employed female workers earn higher wage than their male counterparts at the first decile but suffer from wage penalty at the top deciles. JEL: C21, J31, J46, J70

scholarly journals effects of the Brazilian recession on wage inequality between men and women

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e020008
Author(s):  
Carolina Troncoso Baltar ◽  
Lilian Nogueira Rolim ◽  
Eugenia Troncoso Leone
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Asymmetry ◽  
Deep Recession

The Brazilian economy entered a deep recession in 2014, when the country’s GDP decreased, with negative consequences for the labour market. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of this recession on the country’s wage inequality, taking into account sex differences. The paper classifies employees in different groups considering occupational groups and the sectors of activities these workers belong to in order to verify who are the employees better inserted in the labour market and the ones who are in a more vulnerable situation, separating them by sex. The results show a high asymmetry and dispersion of wage distribution in Brazil. The economic recession of 2015-2016 reduced the country’s income inequality and the differences between men and women, because the share of workers with lower wages increased. However, wage differences in favour of men are still high, especially in occupations of high income and higher education requirements.

scholarly journals DIFFERENCES IN DECLINE: QUANTILE REGRESSION OF MALE–FEMALE EARNINGS DIFFERENTIAL IN MALAYSIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (04) ◽  
pp. 1550054 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIEW CHING GOY ◽  
GERAINT JOHNES
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Floor Effect ◽  
Earnings Differential ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
The Difference

Semiparametric estimation has gained significant attention in the study of wage inequality between men and women in recent years. By extending the wage gap at the mean towards the entire wage distribution using quantile regression, it enables researchers to ascertain the direction and the proportions of differences in characteristics and returns to these characteristics at different parts of the wage distribution. This line of research has been prominent in western society but has not yet been explored in the context of the Malaysian labor market. To fill the gap, this paper examines the gender earnings gap in Malaysia between 1994 and 2004 using Malaysia Population and Family Survey data. The gender earnings differential, as measured by the log percentage point is 53% in 1994. The difference reduces to 45% for a restricted sample and 42% for the unrestricted sample in 2004. However, it was found that the gender wage gap reduces as we move up the wage distribution. This suggests that women suffer from a sticky floor effect, i.e., the gender wage gap is bigger at the bottom of distribution. More importantly, the observed gender wage differentials do not reflect differences in the productive characteristics of the workers. In fact, it accounts for very little, if any, of the gap in Malaysia. However, the extent of the price effect is larger at the bottom end of the distribution than at the top.

scholarly journals Dynamism in the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from Pakistan

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4II) ◽  
pp. 865-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sabir ◽  
Zehra Aftab
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Almost All

One of the main caveats of Pakistan’s economic development history is the persistence of gender inequality with respect to almost all socioeconomic indicators. For instance, Pakistan ranks 66, out of 75 countries, with respect to the Gender Empowerment Measure (Human Development Report, 2006) with a GEM value of 0.377, largely a manifestation of very low estimated female to male earned income ratio, which is a depressing 0.29. GEM and other labour force statistics confirm the gender gap in labour force participation. One of the possible explanations of this gender gap is gender discrimination in the labour market, particularly in wages. Evidence with respect to gender discrimination in Pakistan’s labour market is welldocumented. Siddique, et al. (2006), Nasir and Nazli (2000), Siddique, et al. (1998) and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) all confirm that men earn higher wages than women even after controlling for measurable characteristics affecting their productivity. These studies, however, analyse the gender wage gap by comparing the mean male/female wage. Studies which compare the gender wage gap at different points along the wage distribution are not available for Pakistan.

scholarly journals Part-Time Wage-Gap in Germany: Evidence across the Wage Distribution

2016 ◽  
pp. 124-147
Author(s):  
Piret Tõnurist ◽  
Dimitris Pavlopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Part Time Work

This article uses insights from labour-market segmentation theory in order to investigate the wage differences between part-time and full-time workers in Germany at different parts of the wage distribution. This is accomplished with the use of a quintile regression and panel data from the German Socio Economic Panel (1991-2012). To obtain insights on the part-time wage differentials, we apply a counterfactual wage decomposition analysis. The results indicate the presence of a part-time wage penalty for involuntary part-time work at the low and middle parts of the wage distribution. In contrast, a wage premium for voluntary part-time work emerges, especially at the top of the distribution. Moreover, at the lower end of the wage distribution, part-time workers receive lower returns for their labour market characteristics, indicating the segmentation of the labour market. In contrast, the difference in the characteristics of part-timers and full-timers fully explains the part-time wage gap at the top of the wage distribution.

Discrimination against refugees in the Palestinian labor market

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabeh Morrar ◽  
Fernando Rios-Avila
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Worker ◽  
Palestinian Society ◽  
Worker Characteristics

PurposeThis paper examines the level and structure of the wage inequality between nonrefugee and refugee workers in Palestine and the extent to which such wage gap reflects any marginalization and discrimination against refugees. It also investigates how the disparities in distribution to individual worker characteristics contribute to the wage inequality in Palestine.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use both Oaxaca and Blinder (OB) (Oaxaca, 1973 and Blinder, 1973) and Fortin et al. (2011) unconditional quantile decomposition approaches to measure the size of the wage gap along with the wage distribution and to decompose the wage differences into productivity (i.e. explained or the composition effects) and wage structure effects (i.e. unexplained or discrimination effects).FindingsResults indicate that most of the wage gap between refugees and nonrefugees is attributed to the wage structure effect (possibly explained by discrimination) against refugees in the Palestinian labor market. The wage gap between refugees and nonrefugees is not uniform throughout the wage distribution and supports the “sticky floor effect.”Practical implicationsThis work introduces important policy implications for the policymakers in the Palestinian labor market. It reveals the economic and social factors, individual worker characteristics as well as labor market characteristics contribute to the wage inequality in Palestine.Social implicationsThis research reveals a crucial social challenge in the Palestinian society, represented by the wage discrimination against refugees in Palestine. This is despite the denial of such discrimination from official bodies, local institutions and many other policymakers. It also captures gender inequality between men and women.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical work in Palestine that contends with a very sensitive issue in the Palestinian society, that is, the discrimination against refugees in the Palestinian labor market. Most of the existing studies have approached this issue from a humanitarian view in order to show the deterioration of social and economic situations in the refugee camps.

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