scholarly journals Somali immigrant women in the Canadian labour market : barriers and consequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Leila Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Somali Immigrants ◽  
Somali Women ◽  
The Government ◽  
Gendered Roles ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Policies And Programs

Somali women are experiencing barriers within the Canadian labour market due to islamophobia, racism, and their gendered roles. Like other racialized immigrants, Somali women's position within the labour market is peripheral. In Canada, racialized women experience precarious work, underemployment, unemployment and a noticeable wage gap. To add to these obstacles Somali women face the responsibility for social reproduction and lack in social capital. Somali immigrants and refugees in Canada have not received enough support from the government with regards to integration. Additionally, the labour market challenges and marginalization they experience results in poverty and has serious health consequences. However, Somali women exhibit resiliency and possess survival mechanisms. Inclusivity within the labour market for Somali women requires multi-sector policies and programs that combat inequality based on race, religion and gender. Key Words: Somali women, labour market, racism, islamophobia, social reproduction, social capital, Integration

scholarly journals Somali immigrant women in the Canadian labour market : barriers and consequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Leila Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Somali Immigrants ◽  
Somali Women ◽  
The Government ◽  
Gendered Roles ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Policies And Programs

Somali women are experiencing barriers within the Canadian labour market due to islamophobia, racism, and their gendered roles. Like other racialized immigrants, Somali women's position within the labour market is peripheral. In Canada, racialized women experience precarious work, underemployment, unemployment and a noticeable wage gap. To add to these obstacles Somali women face the responsibility for social reproduction and lack in social capital. Somali immigrants and refugees in Canada have not received enough support from the government with regards to integration. Additionally, the labour market challenges and marginalization they experience results in poverty and has serious health consequences. However, Somali women exhibit resiliency and possess survival mechanisms. Inclusivity within the labour market for Somali women requires multi-sector policies and programs that combat inequality based on race, religion and gender. Key Words: Somali women, labour market, racism, islamophobia, social reproduction, social capital, Integration

scholarly journals The Myth of Equal Opportunity in Germany? Wage Inequality and the Role of (Non-)academic Family Background for Differences in Capital Endowments and Returns on the Labour Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina S. Consiglio ◽  
Denisa M. Sologon
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Career Support ◽  
Significant Deficit ◽  
The University

AbstractWhile providing equal opportunities to all members of society independent of an individual’s socio-economic background is a major objective of German policy makers, educational opportunities of children with a non-academic family background are still unequally obstructed. When analysing the labour market implications of this disadvantage, social capital as an additional source of inequality often lacks attention. Drawing on the instrumental value of rather loose contacts (i.e. weak ties) on the labour market as revealed by Granovetter (Getting a job. A study of contacts and careers, The University of Chicago Press, Cambridge, 1974), this paper goes beyond the human capital approach and includes a measure of instrumental social capital in the form of weak-tie career support in the earnings function. Applying an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and quantile regressions, we find a significant average wage gap between those with and without an academic family background. A large part can be explained by deficits that those from less educated families incur with respect to human and instrumental social capital: Lower educational attainment accounts for more than half of the wage gap between the two groups while fewer career support explains around five percent of the differential. Additionally, a non-academic family background is associated with a significant deficit in returns to their instrumental social capital along the wage distribution. The findings therefore suggest that inequalities of opportunity on the German labour market occur beyond the education system, as not only the quantity but also the quality of career supporting networks of those from a non-academic family are inferior.

scholarly journals The Segmentation of the Academic Labour Market and Gender, Field, and Institutional Inequalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Vohlídalová
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Using data from a 2017 survey of Czech academics this article examines the casualisation of working conditions in the Czech academic labour market (ALM) and explores gender, sectoral, and institutional inequalities through the lens of the theory of labour market segmentation. A hierarchical cluster analysis reveals three segments in the Czech ALM: core (40%), periphery (28%), and semi‐periphery (32%), which roughly align with work positions in the early, middle, and senior stages of an academic career. In the semi‐periphery gender is found to be a key factor in in determining working conditions, while in the periphery working conditions are most affected by the type of institution. In the core, gender differences are mainly reflected in the gender wage gap. The effects of casualisation on working conditions are found to be more pronounced in STEM fields than in the social sciences and humanities across the ALM, but wages are generally higher in STEM fields.

scholarly journals The interaction of social capital, life stress index and gender on mental health education for internal migrants: based on the China Migrant Population Dynamics Survey in 2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Yang ◽  
Chenghua Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Mental Health Education ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: China has about 240 million internal migrants(IMs), and they face lots of mental health risks. The government is actively promoting mental health education for IMs. Previous studies have focused more on the relation between social capital and mental health, but ignored the impact of social capital on the accessibility to mental health services.Methods: Data from the China Migrant Dynamic Survey of 2017, involving 138939 IMs in 31 provinces were used to explore the interaction of social capital, life stress index and gender on acceptance of mental health education(AMHE). Social capital was divided into cognitive(CSC) and structural social capital (SSC). Multiple line charts and multi-level logistic regression were conducted to analyze their impacts on AMHE, and whether such impacts were moderated by gender and life stress index(LSI). Results: The results suggest: (1) The SSC ranking of IMs with different LSI levels was "moderate (3.62 ± 1.736), mild(3.53 ± 1.755), severe(3.53 ± 1.755)", SSC was positively correlated with AMHE(OR=1.320, 95%CI 1.305 to 1.336), but the correlation would decrease with the increase of LSI(OR=0.969, 95%CI 0.953 to 0.985; OR=0.949, 95%CI 0.934 to 0.964); (2) Males’ SSC(3.67 ± 1.780) was significantly higher than that of females(3.36 ± 1.614), but its influence on AMHE of females was higher(OR=1.050, 95%CI 1.036 to 1.064); (3) The CSC ranking of IMs with different LSI levels was "mild(3.71 ± 2.096), moderate(3.71 ± 2.076), severe(3.42 ± 2.024)", there was no significant gender difference in CSC, and CSC was positively correlated with AMHE(OR=1.087, 95%CI 1.076 to 1.098), but gender and LSI had no significant moderating effect on it.Conclution: Gender and LSI were associated with social capital, but only the relationship between SSC and AMHE was moderated by them. SSC had both a main effect and a buffering effect, while CSC only showed a main effect. The government should pay attention to enhancing their positive identity to the city and at the same time improve their civic participation and social participation.

scholarly journals The interaction of social capital, life stress index and gender on mental health education for internal migrants: based on the China Migrant Population Dynamics Survey in 2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Yang ◽  
Chenghua Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Mental Health Education ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: The internal migrants(IMs) population faces lots of mental health risks, and the government is actively promoting mental health education for them. Studies have focused more on the impact of social capital on mental health, but ignored its impact on the accessibility to mental health services among IMs.Methods: Data from the China Migrant Dynamic Survey of 2017, involving 138939 IMs in 31 provinces were used to explore the interaction of social capital, life stress index(LSI) and gender on acceptance of mental health education(AMHE). Social capital was divided into cognitive (CSC) and structural social capital (SSC). Line charts, multi-level logistic regression, and other statistical methods were conducted to analyze the data. Results: Results suggest: (1) The SSC ranking with different LSI levels was "moderate (3.62 ± 1.736), mild (3.53 ± 1.755), severe (3.53 ± 1.755)", SSC was positively correlated with AMHE (OR=1.320, 95%CI 1.305 to 1.336), but the correlation would decrease with the increase of LSI (OR=0.969, 95%CI 0.953 to 0.985; OR=0.949, 95%CI 0.934 to 0.964); (2) Males’ SSC (3.67 ± 1.780) was significantly higher than that of females (3.36 ± 1.614), but its influence on AMHE of females was higher (OR=1.050, 95%CI 1.036 to 1.064); (3) The CSC ranking with different LSI levels was "mild (3.71 ± 2.096), moderate (3.71 ± 2.076), severe (3.42 ± 2.024)", there was no significant gender difference in CSC, and CSC was positively correlated with AMHE (OR=1.087, 95%CI 1.076 to 1.098), but gender and LSI had no significant moderating effect on it.Conclution: Gender and LSI are associated with CSC and SSC, but only the relationship between SSC and AMHE is moderated by them. SSC has both a main effect and buffering effect, while CSC only shows the main effect. In order to provide better mental health services, the government should pay more attention to stimulating the enthusiasm of the IMs for civic participation and social participation.

scholarly journals LABOUR MARKET INEQUALITY AND EXCLUSION AS FACTORS OF FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY IN UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Ebere Oluchi Nwaoduh
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Patriarchal Culture ◽  
Domestic Labour ◽  
Educational Career ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Market Relations

This paper examines the nature of labour market inequality and exclusion in Ukraine and how they increase women’s chances to go into poverty. Inequality and segregation based on gender exists in all spheres of the labour market and these are caused by multiple factors which sometimes interplay to the disadvantage of the female folks in Ukraine. For this paper, Interviews were conducted with some experts in the field of gender studies and labour market relations to gather expert information. Based on the interviews, it is deduced that the existent poor economic situation in the country creates hardship which affects both genders thereby making the discriminations against women unobvious. It is also gathered that the Ukrainian crisis has created steeper competition in the market with employers wanting to maximize profit by placing priority on efficiency which goes hand in glove with longer working hours and more flexible itineraries which sometimes places women at disadvantaged positions due to their maternity roles. Women’s labour are therefore priced cheaper leading to about 30% wage gap between men and women in Ukraine. Other factors such as unequal domestic obligations, traditional patriarchal culture, unpaid domestic labour, attitude towards low wages, vertical and horizontal segregation and gendered educational career path were found as causes of gender inequality in the labour market. For the full harnessing and exploitation of the Ukrainian human resource, stereotypes and gender discriminations in the economic spheres need to be dismantled to the barest minimum.

Ethnic niching in a segmented labour market: Evidence from Spain

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikolaj Stanek ◽  
Alberto Veira
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Logit Models ◽  
Human And Social Capital

Using the Spanish National Immigrant Survey (NIS-2007) we identify the ethnic niches where workers from five main immigrant communities concentrate. We then implement logit models in order to assess how structural factors and human and social capital variables affect the odds of working in these niches. We observe that the strong segmentation of the Spanish labour market strongly favours the concentration of immigrants in certain occupational niches. Nevertheless, variables related to human and social capital still play a significant role in the placement of immigrant workers in different niches, all of which are not equally attractive. 

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