scholarly journals Anti-essentialism, modal relativity, and alternative material-origin counterfactuals

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederique Janssen-Lauret

AbstractIn ordinary language, in the medical sciences, and in the overlap between them, we frequently make claims which imply that we might have had different gametic origins from the ones we actually have. Such statements seem intuitively true and coherent. But they counterfactually ascribe different DNA to their referents and therefore contradict material-origin essentialism, which Kripke and his followers argue is intuitively obvious. In this paper I argue, using examples from ordinary language and from philosophy of medicine and bioethics, that statements which attribute alternative material origins to their referents are useful, common in political and medical reasoning, and in many cases best interpreted literally. So we must replace the doctrine of material-origin essentialism with one that can make sense of ordinary discourse and the language of the medical sciences. I propose an anti-essentialist account of such counterfactuals according to which individuals’ modal properties are relative to a given inquiry.

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Pennacchini

L’articolo intende presentare una rassegna delle tematiche affrontate dalla filosofia della medicina positivista. A questo scopo, è stato necessario propedeuticamente definire lo statuto epistemologico della medicina positivista così da individuare, in seconda istanza, gli ambiti di interesse propri della filosofia della medicina positivista, e cioè il suo oggetto, la malattia, i differenti modelli causali che consentano di spiegarne l’eziologia, ed il ragionamento medico. In merito al primo ambito, l’autrice ha cercato di ricostruire una tassonomia dei diversi approcci filosofico-epistemologici adottati dai filosofi positivisti per definire la malattia e, per opposita, la salute. Chiarito che i pensatori positivisti avviano la loro riflessione da posizioni nominaliste l’autrice ha esaminato i diversi criteri di valutazione proposti dai differenti autori: oggettivo, soggettivo, e socio-culturale. In riferimento al secondo campo di interesse, è stato delineato sinteticamente il quadro dei diversi modelli causali proposti dai filosofi della medicina positivisti: modello biomedico o biosperimentale, modello evoluzionistico, modello bio-psicosociale, modello epidemiologico o statistico. Infine, l’autrice in merito al terzo settore di analisi ha cercato di evidenziare in primo luogo come per i filosofi della medicina positivisti il metodo per la medicina clinica e quella sperimentale sia unico, mentre a loro giudizio a differenziarsi siano le tecniche di prova. Pertanto è su quest’ultima problematica che si è concentrato il dibattito sul ragionamento medico venendo a delineare due differenti approcci di verifica delle ipotesi diagnostico-terapeutiche: l’approccio probabilistico e quello basato sulle prove di efficacia. ---------- The article introduces a review of the issues considered by positivistic philosophy of medicine. To this purpose, firstly it’s necessary to define the epistemological statute of the positivistic medicine, so that, secondly, it’s possible to recognize the interests of the positivistic philosophy of medicine: its object, the illness, the different causal models that allow to explain the illness etiologia and the medic reasoning. Regarding the first field of research, the author tried to identify a taxonomy of the different philosophical and epistemological approaches adopted by the positivistic philosophy to define the illness and, pro opposita, the health. Once clarified that the positivistic thinkers started their reflection by nominalistic positions, the author examines the different standard of evaluation proposed by the different philosophies: objective, subjective, and sociocultural. Regarding the second field of interest, the author gives a synthetic picture of the different causal models proposes by positivistic philosophy of medicine: bio-physician or bio-experimental model, evolutionistic model, epidemiological or statistic model. Finally, regarding the third field of investigation, the author tries to remark that clinical and experimental medicine method is unique for positivistic philosophy of medicine, while the test techniques are different for them. Insofar, it is on this last problem list that the debate about medical reasoning is concentrated, coming to outline two different approaches of verification of diagnostic-therapeutic hypotheses: the probabilistic approach and effectiveness- based one.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
Jan Zamojski

The paper starts off from the prehistoric role of the face and the dominant significance of the question of the face in the humanities. Author will address the above questions in the context of his own teaching of such subjects as Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Aesthetics, and Philosophy of Medicine. He draws attention to the role of works of art he uses in the teaching process, e.g. the tale Beautiful Face from the book 13 Tales from the Kingdom of Lailonia by the eminent philosopher Leszek Kołakowski. As the person instrumental for the film adaptation of this book and the script writer, the author will share his experience of making use of films from the series 14 Tales from the Kingdom of Lailonia by Leszek Kołakowski, begun in the late 1990s. Contributing to the making of individual films in the TV Studio of Animated Films in Poznań were distinguished directors, outstanding actors, e.g. Zbigniew Zapasiewicz and Andrzej Seweryn and expert stage designers. Of special importance for the teaching process in the context of these films is the intersemiotic translation, related to the questions of the face. Author will moreover reference in his teaching practice ideas put forth by philosophers such as Plato, Emanuel Levinas and Jan Payne and works by such eminent artists as Tadeusz Kantor and Zbigniew Libera. Individual issues discussed in the paper will be illustrated with ample iconography related to the face, including images unpublished earlier, such as those from the films from the above series, currently under production.


Bioethica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Γρηγόρης Αθανασιάδης (Grigoris Athanasiadis)

A central issue in the philosophy of medicine is to solve the problem of determining the nature of the concepts of health and disease. Some theorists claim that health and disease are purely value-free and descriptive concepts that are discoverable and grounded in the biological and medical sciences. Others claim that health and disease are essentially value-laden concepts, i.e. healthy states are those states we (individuals, groups, societies) desire or value and diseased states are those we want to avoid or disvalue.Considering the longtime disagreement among physicians, theorists of health and philosophers about the essential characteristics of health and disease, the aim in the first part of this paper is to briefly present four different philosophical approaches of health and disease in an attempt to introduce the readers to the debate. This article begins with the Biostatistical theory of Christopher Boorse. It turns to the Malady theory of Danner Clouser, Charles Culver and Bernard Gert, the holistic theory of Lennart Nordenfelt and finally the adaptation theory of József Kovács.In the second part of the paper, some objections will be stated to each theory. In the third and last part, a completely different account of health will be given, which holds that self-knowledge is a criterion of human health. Health, unlike disease, is not a state or a condition of the organism but an endless process. Its essence can be better captured in philosophical rather than medical terms and it should be applied only to human beings.


Swiss Surgery ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
Bleuer

Die mit dem Aufkommen der elektronischen Medien einhergehende Informationsflut hat die Erwartungen an den Dokumentationsdienst (DOKDI) der Schweizerischen Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften verändert: Insbesondere Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) verlangt nicht nur die Beschaffung von Information, sondern auch eine Selektion hinsichtlich Qualität und Relevanz: Die sich aus der klinischen Situation ergebende Frage fordert eine Antwort, die inhaltlich richtig ist und in der konkreten Situation auch weiterhilft. Dem Ideal, sich durch kritische Lektüre der Originalarbeiten ein Bild über die vorhandene Evidenz für die Richtigkeit eines bestimmten Prozederes zu verschaffen, stehen in der Praxis meist Zeitmangel und methodische Schwierigkeiten im Weg; man wird sich deshalb oft auf die durch andere erarbeitete Evidenz abstützen müssen und z.B. die Cochrane Library konsultieren. Der DOKDI engagiert sich sowohl bei der Erarbeitung von systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten als auch bei der Dissemination der gefundenen Evidenz, indem er seine Erfahrung in der Dokumentation mit elektronischen Medien und die entsprechende Infrastruktur zur Verfügung stellt. Als Ergänzung zu diesen Aktivitäten hat die Akademie einen Grant zur Ausbildung von EBM-Tutoren gesprochen. In einem einwöchigen Kurs in Oxford werden Kliniker zu EBM-Tutoren ausgebildet: Dies wird zukünftig ermöglichen, vermehrt EBM-Workshops in der Schweiz durchzuführen.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Abdulghani Alsamarai

Introduction   The International Journal of Medical Sciences [IJMS], ISSN 2522-7386, is a peer-reviewed, 3 issues published annually. Authors are invited to submit for publication articles with a wide spectrum of coverage reporting original work, in the fields of medicine, nursery, dentistry, and pharmacy sciences. Review articles are usually by invitation only. However, Review articles of current interest and high standard will be considered. Prospective work should not be back dated. There are also sections for Case Reports, Brief Communication, correspondence and medical news items. Authors should read the editorial policy and publication ethics before submitting their manuscripts. Authors should also use the appropriate reporting guidelines in preparing their manuscripts


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