scholarly journals L’approccio positivista alla filosofia della medicina: una review

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Pennacchini
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Philosophy Of Medicine ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Causal Models ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Problem List ◽  
The Third ◽  
Statistic Model ◽  
Medical Reasoning

L’articolo intende presentare una rassegna delle tematiche affrontate dalla filosofia della medicina positivista. A questo scopo, è stato necessario propedeuticamente definire lo statuto epistemologico della medicina positivista così da individuare, in seconda istanza, gli ambiti di interesse propri della filosofia della medicina positivista, e cioè il suo oggetto, la malattia, i differenti modelli causali che consentano di spiegarne l’eziologia, ed il ragionamento medico. In merito al primo ambito, l’autrice ha cercato di ricostruire una tassonomia dei diversi approcci filosofico-epistemologici adottati dai filosofi positivisti per definire la malattia e, per opposita, la salute. Chiarito che i pensatori positivisti avviano la loro riflessione da posizioni nominaliste l’autrice ha esaminato i diversi criteri di valutazione proposti dai differenti autori: oggettivo, soggettivo, e socio-culturale. In riferimento al secondo campo di interesse, è stato delineato sinteticamente il quadro dei diversi modelli causali proposti dai filosofi della medicina positivisti: modello biomedico o biosperimentale, modello evoluzionistico, modello bio-psicosociale, modello epidemiologico o statistico. Infine, l’autrice in merito al terzo settore di analisi ha cercato di evidenziare in primo luogo come per i filosofi della medicina positivisti il metodo per la medicina clinica e quella sperimentale sia unico, mentre a loro giudizio a differenziarsi siano le tecniche di prova. Pertanto è su quest’ultima problematica che si è concentrato il dibattito sul ragionamento medico venendo a delineare due differenti approcci di verifica delle ipotesi diagnostico-terapeutiche: l’approccio probabilistico e quello basato sulle prove di efficacia. ---------- The article introduces a review of the issues considered by positivistic philosophy of medicine. To this purpose, firstly it’s necessary to define the epistemological statute of the positivistic medicine, so that, secondly, it’s possible to recognize the interests of the positivistic philosophy of medicine: its object, the illness, the different causal models that allow to explain the illness etiologia and the medic reasoning. Regarding the first field of research, the author tried to identify a taxonomy of the different philosophical and epistemological approaches adopted by the positivistic philosophy to define the illness and, pro opposita, the health. Once clarified that the positivistic thinkers started their reflection by nominalistic positions, the author examines the different standard of evaluation proposed by the different philosophies: objective, subjective, and sociocultural. Regarding the second field of interest, the author gives a synthetic picture of the different causal models proposes by positivistic philosophy of medicine: bio-physician or bio-experimental model, evolutionistic model, epidemiological or statistic model. Finally, regarding the third field of investigation, the author tries to remark that clinical and experimental medicine method is unique for positivistic philosophy of medicine, while the test techniques are different for them. Insofar, it is on this last problem list that the debate about medical reasoning is concentrated, coming to outline two different approaches of verification of diagnostic-therapeutic hypotheses: the probabilistic approach and effectiveness- based one.

scholarly journals A Concept of Determining the Relation between Load and Wear of Tribological Systems of Ship Main Selfignition Engines by Using Probabilistic Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
Jerzy Girtler
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Ship Propulsion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Operational Principle ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Excessive Load

Abstract This paper presents a proposal of simultaneous consideration of load and wear associated with it , of tribological systems of ship main engines (intended for ship propulsion) . Based on results of investigations it was assumed that both the load Q (i.e. a cause of wear ) and the wear Z (i.e. an effect of load occurrence) considered in a given time t (0 ≤ t ≤ tn) are random variables Qt and Zt ,respectively. There was characterized operational principle of ship main engines in definite external conditions (WZ) as well as consequences of excessive load of engines. Three hypotheses highlighting relations existing between load and wear of the above mentioned systems, have been proposed. The first of them deals with explanation of stochastic relation between load and wear, the second highlights why it is possible to assume that the load Qt and the wear Zt are positively correlated , and the third - why it is possible to assume that coefficient of correlation between Qt and Zt may be taken close to one.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Reasoning Across the Causal Hierarchy

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (06) ◽  
pp. 10170-10177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duligur Ibeling ◽  
Thomas Icard
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Conditional Independence ◽  
Probabilistic Reasoning ◽  
Causal Models ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Polynomial Space ◽  
The Third ◽  
Probabilistic Programs

We propose a formalization of the three-tier causal hierarchy of association, intervention, and counterfactuals as a series of probabilistic logical languages. Our languages are of strictly increasing expressivity, the first capable of expressing quantitative probabilistic reasoning—including conditional independence and Bayesian inference—the second encoding do-calculus reasoning for causal effects, and the third capturing a fully expressive do-calculus for arbitrary counterfactual queries. We give a corresponding series of finitary axiomatizations complete over both structural causal models and probabilistic programs, and show that satisfiability and validity for each language are decidable in polynomial space.

scholarly journals A Defense of the Phenomenological Account of Health and Illness

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Svenaeus
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Medicine ◽  
The Third ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Phenomenological Account ◽  
Third Person Perspective ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Hans Georg Gadamer ◽  
Nietzschean Critique

Abstract A large slice of contemporary phenomenology of medicine has been devoted to developing an account of health and illness that proceeds from the first-person perspective when attempting to understand the ill person in contrast and connection to the third-person perspective on his/her diseased body. A proof that this phenomenological account of health and illness, represented by philosophers, such as Drew Leder, Kay Toombs, Havi Carel, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Kevin Aho, and Fredrik Svenaeus, is becoming increasingly influential in philosophy of medicine and medical ethics is the criticism of it that has been voiced in some recent studies. In this article, two such critical contributions, proceeding from radically different premises and backgrounds, are discussed: Jonathan Sholl’s naturalistic critique and Talia Welsh’s Nietzschean critique. The aim is to defend the phenomenological account and clear up misunderstandings about what it amounts to and what we should be able to expect from it.

scholarly journals Third eyelid gland protrusion in dogs: an experimental model proposal

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1920-1924
Author(s):  
Vânia Pais Cabral ◽  
Eduardo Watanabe ◽  
Raimundo Alberto Tostes ◽  
Sandra Maria Simonelli ◽  
José Luiz Laus
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
The Third ◽  
Schirmer’S Test

The objective of this research was to present an experimental model for the prolapse of the third eyelid gland in male, adult mongrel dogs by the use of a periorbital glandular support conjunctiva tissue resection followed by macro and microscopic assessments. Length, thickness and width of normal glands were statistically studied at baseline and then again after a period of 30 days of exposition. In relation to the experimental model, 84.21% of glands, which underwent the resection of the conjunctiva support tissue, support tissue, remained protusioned. There were significant differences between normal and protusioned glands. Protusioned glands were larger in respect to length, thickness and width. For the microscopy studies, two experimental groups were established: non-treated protusioned glands (GI); and buried protusioned glands (GII). Glandular, conjunctiva tissue, and duct alterations were studied in both groups. Through the results obtained by the Schirmer's test, it was evidenced that the lachrymal production decreased when compared to the normal ones not protusioned, especially in those cases where the protusioned glands were not buried.

scholarly journals Anti-essentialism, modal relativity, and alternative material-origin counterfactuals

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederique Janssen-Lauret
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Medicine ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Modal Properties ◽  
Alternative Material ◽  
Medical Reasoning

AbstractIn ordinary language, in the medical sciences, and in the overlap between them, we frequently make claims which imply that we might have had different gametic origins from the ones we actually have. Such statements seem intuitively true and coherent. But they counterfactually ascribe different DNA to their referents and therefore contradict material-origin essentialism, which Kripke and his followers argue is intuitively obvious. In this paper I argue, using examples from ordinary language and from philosophy of medicine and bioethics, that statements which attribute alternative material origins to their referents are useful, common in political and medical reasoning, and in many cases best interpreted literally. So we must replace the doctrine of material-origin essentialism with one that can make sense of ordinary discourse and the language of the medical sciences. I propose an anti-essentialist account of such counterfactuals according to which individuals’ modal properties are relative to a given inquiry.

scholarly journals Chronic partial urethral obstruction in female rats: description of an experimental model and initial results

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Tucci Jr ◽  
Carlos Augusto Ferreira Molina ◽  
Marcelo Ferreira Cassini ◽  
Murilo Ferreira de Andrade ◽  
Gilson José de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Urethral Obstruction ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Obstructive Nephropathy ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
Cellophane Tape ◽  
Initial Results

PURPOSE: To develop an experimental model of infravesical urinary obstruction in female rats. METHODS: After median caudal laparotomy, the urethra of 14 female rats was delicately separated from the vagina and loosely wrapped with cellophane tape measuring 0.4 x 1.0 cm. The animals were evaluated 4 (n=7) and 8 (n=7) weeks later. Five additional control animals were only subjected to separation of the urethra and vagina and monitored for 12 weeks. RESULTS: After four weeks, three rats presented vesical dilation associated with discrete ureteral ectasis in 2 animals, with the third presenting discrete hydronephrosis in one kidney. After eight weeks, five rats (71.4%) presented vesical distension with bilateral ureterohydronephrosis. No significant changes (p>0.05) in serum urea or creatinine occurred in any group compared to preoperative values. CONCLUSION: We present here an inexpensive and simple method for the slow induction of urethral obstruction in adult female rats, with the development of progressive vesical hypertrophy and ureterohydronephrosis, which may be used as an experimental model for the study of different aspects of obstructive nephropathy.

Experimental Model of Fungal Sinusitis: A Pilot Study in Rabbits

2005 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Dufour ◽  
Jean-Michel Goujon ◽  
Marie-Helene Rodier ◽  
Catherine Kauffmann-Lacroix ◽  
Ghislaine Grollier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Maxillary Sinus ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Fungal Sinusitis ◽  
Group 14 ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bone Biopsies ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Group 10

We have established an experimental model of fungal sinusitis in rabbits to analyze the chronology and the pathogenesis of the development of noninvasive fungal sinusitis due to Aspergillus fumigatus. Thirty-four Pasteurella-free New Zealand white rabbits divided into three groups were included in this study. In the first group (10 rabbits), A fumigatus was inoculated into the maxillary sinus. In the second group (10 rabbits), A fumigatus was inoculated into the maxillary sinus in the presence of a wound in the mucosa. In the third group (14 rabbits), A fumigatus was inoculated into the maxillary sinus in the presence of a blocked ostium. On days 15 and 30, endoscopic, histopathologic, bacterial, and mycological examinations of both maxillary cavities and mucous membrane were performed. The rabbits were painlessly sacrificed 30 days after inoculation; mucosal and bone biopsies of the maxillary sinus cavities were performed for histopathologic studies. We found that noninvasive fungal sinusitis had been induced in 2 rabbits of the second group and 8 rabbits of the third group. We conclude that introduction of fungi into a sinus with a blocked ostium induces fungal sinusitis. The present model of experimental fungal sinusitis seems to be reproducible and suitable for further studies of the development of fungal sinusitis.

scholarly journals Experimental Modeling of the Ultra-Necrotic Stage of Critical Ischemia of the Lower Limbs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Boris Semenovich Sukovatykh ◽  
Elvin Eynulla Feyziev ◽  
Alexander Sergeevich Belous ◽  
Elena Vladimirovna Trubnikova ◽  
Mikhail Borisovich Sukovatykh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Critical Ischemia ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
The Third ◽  
Posterior Tibial ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Tibial Arteries ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective. So far, no experimental model of the necrotic ulcerative stage of critical limb ischemia has been created. Aim. Development of a method for modeling the necrotic ulcerative stage of critical lower limb ischemia.Materials and methods. The experimental study was carried out on 120 rats - males of the "Wistar" line, divided into 4 groups of 30 animals each. In the first group (intact), the level of microcirculation in the muscles of the hind limb was determined. In the second (sham-operated) group, ischemia was not simulated, but the neurovascular bundle of the thigh was isolated and the wound was sutured. In the third group (comparison), the modeling of chronic ischemia of the leg muscles was performed by removing the femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial arteries. In the fourth (experimental) group, to simulate chronic critical ischemia of the leg muscles, the femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial arteries and veins were removed, and the peripheral nerve was damaged.In the postoperative period, the dynamics of symptoms of limb ischemia was monitored. Animals were taken out of the experiment, 10 animals in each group by an overdose of anesthesia on the 10th, 21st and 28th days. Before hatching, the level of microcirculation was determined using laser Doppler flowmetry. To study the morphological picture at the same time in the third and fourth groups, the ischemic gastrocnemius muscle of the leg was excised and a standard histological examination was performed.Results. Trophic disorders in animals of the third group developed in 13.3%, and in the experimental group - in 100%. In the experimental group, the level of microcirculation at all periods was significantly less than in the comparison group: on the 10th and 21st by 1.3 times, on the 28th day by 1.2 times, and the area of ​​muscle necrosis was greater by the same days by 21.2%, by 8.2% and by 6.8%.Conclusion. The developed experimental model corresponds to the necrotic ulcerative stage of critical ischemia in humans.

Progress report on 21-cm observations at low latitude between longitudes (l 11) 0° and 66°

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 177-179
Author(s):  
W. W. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
The Third ◽  
Introductory Lecture ◽  
Centre Region

In the course of several 21-cm observing programmes being carried out by the Leiden Observatory with the 25-meter telescope at Dwingeloo, a fairly complete, though inhomogeneous, survey of the regionl11= 0° to 66° at low galactic latitudes is becoming available. The essential data on this survey are presented in Table 1. Oort (1967) has given a preliminary report on the first and third investigations. The third is discussed briefly by Kerr in his introductory lecture on the galactic centre region (Paper 42). Burton (1966) has published provisional results of the fifth investigation, and I have discussed the sixth in Paper 19. All of the observations listed in the table have been completed, but we plan to extend investigation 3 to a much finer grid of positions.

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