scholarly journals Individual cheating in the lab: a new measure and external validity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Albertazzi
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
Laboratory Task ◽  
Laboratory Measures ◽  
Made In

AbstractThis paper investigates to what extent laboratory measures of cheating generalise to the field. To this purpose, we develop a lab measure that allows for individual-level observations of cheating whilst reducing the likelihood that participants feel observed. Decisions made in this laboratory task are then compared to individual choices taken in the field, where subjects can lie by misreporting their experimental earnings. We use two field variations that differ in the degree of anonymity of the field decision. According to our measure, no correlation of behaviour between the laboratory and the field is found. We then perform the same analysis using a lab measure that can only detect cheating at the aggregate level. In this case, we do find a weak correlation between the two environments. We discuss the significance and interpretation of these results.

scholarly journals What can everyone do about it? Sustainable individual choices that contribute to the SDGs

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Vareda
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Global Partnership ◽  
Healthy Habits ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
Sustainable Health

Abstract Background The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) aim to solve the world's most wicked problems, which requires global partnership. That means governments, national and international organizations and worldwide leaders working together, but it also implies individuals, families and communities, which make up most of the world, must contribute. Households, schools, the health system and others have a responsibility in the consumption and demand for energy and resources of our planet and contribute largely to climate change. Awareness and population education are essential to promote action on an individual level. Objective This presentation is part of a workshop on how individuals and public health (PH) can create a more sustainable world. It aims to present the science and challenges behind changing and creating new habits, and examples of individual habits and choices everyone can make in order to contribute to the SDG and to sustainable health prevention. This presentation is based on the United Nation (UN) available material for the SDG, as well as other independent research on the subject. Results Sustainable individual actions can be divided in 3 different main themes: Food and Water - Examples. Eat a more plant-based diet; use apps like Too Good To Go®; reutilize the water from your shower... Energy - Examples. Plug all appliances into a power strip and turn them off completely when not in use; adjust your fridge and home thermostat to winter and summer temperatures; use energy efficient light bulbs; fill your house with rugs... Resources - Examples. Pay your bills online; delete your spam email; compost your food; choose a better diaper option; shop second-hand clothes... Conclusions There are a lot of habits and small choices everyone can adopt in order to contribute to a more sustainable world and to promote healthy habits. These changes may seem trivial on an individual level, but they add up to millions of resources saved for the planet at a global scale.

scholarly journals Economic Distress and Support for Radical Right Parties—Evidence From Sweden

2021 ◽  
pp. 001041402110243
Author(s):  
Sirus H. Dehdari
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Economic Distress ◽  
Radical Right Parties ◽  
Unemployment Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Share

This paper studies the effects of economic distress on support for radical right parties. Using Swedish election data, I show that one layoff notice among low-skilled native-born workers increases, on average, support for the Swedish radical right party the Sweden Democrats by 0.17–0.45 votes. The relationship between layoff notices and support for the Sweden Democrats is stronger in areas with a high share of low-skilled immigrants and in areas with a low share of high-skilled immigrants. These findings are in line with theories suggesting that economically distressed voters oppose immigration as they fear increased labor market competition. In addition, I use individual-level survey data to show that self-reported unemployment risk is positively associated with voting for the Sweden Democrats among low-skilled respondents while the opposite is true for high-skilled respondents, echoing the aggregate-level findings.

scholarly journals Community Influences on Attitudes Towards Unions.

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Krahn ◽  
Graham S. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Community Influences ◽  
The Impact

This paper attempts to go beyond individual-level explanations of attitudes towards unions by exploring the impact of-community. It is argued that factors operating at the aggregate level of the community help shape local industrial relations. A review of industrial relations literature documents that community constitutes a latent but nonetheless important variable.

scholarly journals Frankly, We Do Give a Damn

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 816-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilad Feldman ◽  
Huiwen Lian ◽  
Michal Kosinski ◽  
David Stillwell
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

There are two conflicting perspectives regarding the relationship between profanity and dishonesty. These two forms of norm-violating behavior share common causes and are often considered to be positively related. On the other hand, however, profanity is often used to express one’s genuine feelings and could therefore be negatively related to dishonesty. In three studies, we explored the relationship between profanity and honesty. We examined profanity and honesty first with profanity behavior and lying on a scale in the lab (Study 1; N = 276), then with a linguistic analysis of real-life social interactions on Facebook (Study 2; N = 73,789), and finally with profanity and integrity indexes for the aggregate level of U.S. states (Study 3; N = 50 states). We found a consistent positive relationship between profanity and honesty; profanity was associated with less lying and deception at the individual level and with higher integrity at the society level.

Levels of Aggregation in Conjoint Analysis: An Empirical Comparison

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Aggregate Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

Two segmented methods of performing conjoint anal/sis, clustered and componential segmentation, are compared with each other as well as with individual level and totally aggregate level analyses. The two segmented methods provide insights to the data that (1) are not obtainable at the aggregate level and (2) are in a form that is more easily communicated than the information from the individual level analysis. The predictive power of the clustered segmentation method is higher than that of componential segmentation, and both are superior to the aggregate analysis but inferior to individual level analysis.

Individual Components of Three Inequality Measures for Analyzing Shapes of Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 004912411987596
Author(s):  
Tim Futing Liao
Keyword(s):  
Sociological Research ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Current Population Survey Data ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Generalized Entropy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual

In common sociological research, income inequality is measured only at the aggregate level. The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate that there is more than meets the eye when inequality is indicated by a single measure. In this article, I introduce an alternative method that evaluates individuals’ contributions to inequality as well as the between-group and within-group components of these individual contributions. I first highlight three common inequality measures, the Gini index and two generalized entropy measures—Theil’s T and Theil’s L indices—by presenting their individual components as a method for evaluating inequality. Five artificial data examples illustrate the use of these individual components first. An empirical analysis of the 2007 and 2017 Current Population Survey data then focuses on the differences in inequality revealed by such individual inequality components between the 2007 and 2017. The individual-level inequality measures can reveal patterns of inequality concealed by single measures at the aggregate level. In particular, the Gini individual measures differentiate cases better than the generalized entropy measures and tend to have smaller standard errors in a regression analysis.

Federal Sentencing Guidelines and United States v. Booker: Social Context and Sentencing Disparity

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Nowacki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Federal Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
Federal Sentencing ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Sentencing Outcomes

The United States v. Booker decision rendered Federal Sentencing Guidelines advisory rather than mandatory. In the context of this decision, this study examines both the direct influence of aggregate-level political, community, and administrative variables on sentencing outcomes, and the way that such characteristics might contextualize individual-level predictors. Using multi-level regression techniques, this study examines the role of aggregate-level variables on sentence length decisions across four distinct time periods. Moreover, this article also examines whether aggregate-level variables condition the effects of race/ethnicity on sentencing outcomes. Whereas the direct effects of aggregate-level variables on sentencing outcomes are generally limited to political climate effects, there is evidence that political climate and other aggregate-level measures contextualize individual-level race/ethnicity effects. Future research should seek to better understand the specific mechanisms behind these relationships.

scholarly journals Social health and dementia: the power of human capabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrra Vernooij-Dassen ◽  
Yun-Hee Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Social Health ◽  
Societal Impact ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Dementia Research ◽  
Made In

No breakthrough has been made in dementia research to find a cure in the last century (Selkoe, 2012), but a great deal of progress has been made in the description of pathology. The damage caused by this multifaceted “disease” has been described in terms of its physical, neuropsychological, and social manifestations at an individual level but also its societal impact at large, often in financial terms.

Literacy, Information, and Party System Fragmentation in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-586
Author(s):  
Arturas Rozenas ◽  
Anoop Sadanandan
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Strategic Voting ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Voting Rule ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Duverger's Law ◽  
Individual Information

A rich theoretical literature argues that, in contradiction to Duverger’s law, the plurality voting rule can fail to produce two-party system when voters do not share their common information about the electoral situation. We present an empirical operationalization and a series of tests of this informational hypothesis in the case of India using constituency- and individual-level data. In highly illiterate constituencies where access to information and information sharing among voters is low, voters often fail to coordinate on the two most viable parties. In highly literate constituencies, voters are far more successful at avoiding vote-wasting—in line with the informational hypothesis. At a microlevel, these aggregate-level patterns are driven by the interaction of individual information and the informational context: In dense informational environments, even low-information voters can successfully identify viable parties and vote for them, but in sparse informational environments, individual access to information is essential for successful strategic voting.

Policy Mood and Political Sophistication: Why Everybody Moves Mood

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER K. ENNS ◽  
PAUL M. KELLSTEDT
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Political Sophistication ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Opinion Change

This article presents evidence that both micro (individual level) and macro (aggregate level) theories of public opinion overstate the importance of political sophistication for opinion change. It is argued that even the least politically sophisticated segment of society receives messages about the economy and uses this information to update attitudes about political issues. To test this hypothesis, the authors have used General Social Survey data to construct a 31-item measure of policy mood, disaggregated by political sophistication, that spans from 1972 to 2004. They found that all the subgroups generally changed opinion at the same time, in the same direction, and to about the same extent. Furthermore, they show that groups at different sophistication levels change opinions for predominantly the same reasons.

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