scholarly journals Social health and dementia: the power of human capabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrra Vernooij-Dassen ◽  
Yun-Hee Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Social Health ◽  
Societal Impact ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Dementia Research ◽  
Made In

No breakthrough has been made in dementia research to find a cure in the last century (Selkoe, 2012), but a great deal of progress has been made in the description of pathology. The damage caused by this multifaceted “disease” has been described in terms of its physical, neuropsychological, and social manifestations at an individual level but also its societal impact at large, often in financial terms.

scholarly journals Normal versus extraordinary societal impact: how to understand, evaluate, and improve research activities in their relations to society?

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Sivertsen ◽  
Ingeborg Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Societal Impact ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Science Society ◽  
New Knowledge

Abstract Societal impact of research does not occur primarily as unexpected extraordinary incidents of particularly useful breakthroughs in science. It is more often a result of normal everyday interactions between organizations that need to create, exchange, and make use of new knowledge to further their goals. We use the distinctions between normal and extraordinary societal impact and between organizational- and individual-level activities and responsibilities to discuss how science–society relations can better be understood, evaluated, and improved by focusing on the organizations that typically interact in a specific domain of research.

scholarly journals Assessing excellence in community-based research: Lessons from research with Syrian refugee newcomers

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rich Janzen ◽  
Joanna Ochocka
Keyword(s):  
Societal Impact ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Community Mobilisation ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Knowledge Mobilisation ◽  
Community Based Research ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Community System

In this article, we critically reflect on three Syrian refugee research projects that were conducted simultaneously in Ontario, Canada, in order to: (1) strengthen the community system of support for refugee newcomers; (2) address social isolation of Syrian parents and seniors; and (3) promote wellbeing of Syrian youth. Our purpose in this article is to demonstrate a tangible way of assessing research projects which claim to be community-based, and in so doing gain a deeper understanding of how research can be a means of contributing to refugee newcomer resilience. Our assessment of the three studies was done through the reflective lens of the Community Based Research Excellence Tool (CBRET). CBRET is a reflective tool designed to assess the quality and impact of community-based research projects, considering the six domains of community-driven, participation, rigour, knowledge mobilisation, community mobilisation and societal impact. Our assessment produced four main lessons. The first two lessons point to the benefit of holistic emphasis on the six categories covered in the CBRET tool, and to adaptability in determining corresponding indicators when using CBRET. The last two lessons suggest that research can be pursued in such a way that reinforces the rescue story and promotes the safety of people who arrive as refugees. Our lessons suggest that both the findings and the process of research can be interventions towards social change. The diversity of the three case examples also demonstrates that these lessons can be applied to projects which focus on both individual-level and community-level outcomes.

Unraveling the Complexities of Decision Making in Face-to-Face Groups: A Contextual Analysis of Plea-Bargained Sentences

1984 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Nardulli ◽  
Roy B. Flemming ◽  
James Eisenstein
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Criminal Case ◽  
Multilevel Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Made In

This article uses a variety of multilevel data collected from a nine-county study of felony courts to examine the joint effects of contextual and individual level (sociopolitical characteristics of decision workers) upon decisions made in face-to-face groups. The research finds that although the sociopolitical characteristics of decision makers (attitudes toward punishment, Machiavellianism, and operating styles) made a difference in the outcome of interactions, their role could not be accessed independent of the contextual factors surrounding the interactions. Some of the most important contextual factors were the kind of criminal case being handled, prosecutor office policies restricting discretion, and the configuration of attributes in the group handling the case. Although the data are wholly derived from the criminal court setting, the implications of the findings for studying decision making in other face-to-face groups are developed.

scholarly journals Socio-economic Determinants of Labour Mobility in Pakistan

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ather Maqsood Ahmed ◽  
Ismail Sirageldin
Keyword(s):  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Mobility ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Made In

Why do factors of production, especially the labour, migrate from one region or sector to another? This question, which remains fundamental to economic and human resource development, has been a major topic among researchers. While considerable progress has been made in developing a theoretical model of migration, the empirical verification of this model using individual level data has remained unresolved. With the availability of Population, Labour Force, and Migration (PLM) Survey data, this paper attempts to develop a model of internal migration in Pakistan, to serve as a guiding paradigm to write down a model for meaningful estimation. Keeping in line with the literature, three types of variables have been identified as the possible determinants of migration. These variables relate to the possession of human capital, commitment to job and place of residence, and cost-related factors. After controlling for other variables, it was observed that, in general, migrants were selective especially in terms of age, education, and choice of occupation. These findings are consistent with the evidence from other developing countries.

scholarly journals Low-Information Voting: Evidence From Instant-Runoff Elections

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1012-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Michael Alvarez ◽  
Thad E. Hall ◽  
Ines Levin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Rank Ordering ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Voter Decision Making ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
Runoff Elections

How do voters make decisions in low-information contests? Although some research has looked at low-information voter decision making, scant research has focused on data from actual ballots cast in low-information elections. We focus on three 2008 Pierce County (Washington) Instant-Runoff Voting (IRV) elections. Using individual-level ballot image data, we evaluate the structure of individual rankings for specific contests to determine whether partisan cues underlying partisan rankings are correlated with choices made in nonpartisan races. This is the first time that individual-level data from real elections have been used to evaluate the role of partisan cues in nonpartisan races. We find that, in partisan contests, voters make avid use of partisan cues in constructing their preference rankings, rank-ordering candidates based on the correspondence between voters’ own partisan preferences and candidates’ reported partisan affiliation. However, in nonpartisan contests where candidates have no explicit partisan affiliation, voters rely on cues other than partisanship to develop complete candidate rankings.

scholarly journals Assessing individual-level change in dementia research: a review of methodologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aja Louise Murray ◽  
Marlena Vollmer ◽  
Ian J. Deary ◽  
Graciela Muniz-Terrera ◽  
Tom Booth
Keyword(s):  
Item Response ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Meaningful Change ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Change ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dementia Research ◽  
Cognitive Test Performance ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Background Whether in the context of monitoring disease progression or in assessing the effects of interventions, a major challenge in dementia research is determining when an individual has undergone meaningful change in symptoms and other relevant outcomes such as cognitive test performance. The challenge lies in differentiating genuine improvement or deterioration from change in scores due to random and systematic error. Body In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of available methods for assessing individual-level change in the context of key challenges, including imperfect and differential reliability of scores, and practice effects. We discuss indices of reliable change and the use of composite and item response theory (IRT) scores. Conclusion We conclude that IRT-based approaches hold particular promise because they have the flexibility to accommodate solutions to a wide range of issues that influence the accuracy of judgements of meaningful change. We close by discussing the practical implications of adopting IRT-based approaches.

scholarly journals Statistical approaches in published ophthalmic clinical science papers: a comparison to statistical practice two decades ago

2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1188-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrison G Zhang ◽  
Gui-shuang Ying
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Clinical Science ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ocular Finding ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Made In

The aim of this study is to evaluate the current practice of statistical analysis of eye data in clinical science papers published in British Journal of Ophthalmology (BJO) and to determine whether the practice of statistical analysis has improved in the past two decades. All clinical science papers (n=125) published in BJO in January–June 2017 were reviewed for their statistical analysis approaches for analysing primary ocular measure. We compared our findings to the results from a previous paper that reviewed BJO papers in 1995. Of 112 papers eligible for analysis, half of the studies analysed the data at an individual level because of the nature of observation, 16 (14%) studies analysed data from one eye only, 36 (32%) studies analysed data from both eyes at ocular level, one study (1%) analysed the overall summary of ocular finding per individual and three (3%) studies used the paired comparison. Among studies with data available from both eyes, 50 (89%) of 56 papers in 2017 did not analyse data from both eyes or ignored the intereye correlation, as compared with in 60 (90%) of 67 papers in 1995 (P=0.96). Among studies that analysed data from both eyes at an ocular level, 33 (92%) of 36 studies completely ignored the intereye correlation in 2017, as compared with in 16 (89%) of 18 studies in 1995 (P=0.40). A majority of studies did not analyse the data properly when data from both eyes were available. The practice of statistical analysis did not improve in the past two decades. Collaborative efforts should be made in the vision research community to improve the practice of statistical analysis for ocular data.

scholarly journals Individual cheating in the lab: a new measure and external validity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Albertazzi
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
Laboratory Task ◽  
Laboratory Measures ◽  
Made In

AbstractThis paper investigates to what extent laboratory measures of cheating generalise to the field. To this purpose, we develop a lab measure that allows for individual-level observations of cheating whilst reducing the likelihood that participants feel observed. Decisions made in this laboratory task are then compared to individual choices taken in the field, where subjects can lie by misreporting their experimental earnings. We use two field variations that differ in the degree of anonymity of the field decision. According to our measure, no correlation of behaviour between the laboratory and the field is found. We then perform the same analysis using a lab measure that can only detect cheating at the aggregate level. In this case, we do find a weak correlation between the two environments. We discuss the significance and interpretation of these results.

Psychic distance revisited: A proposed conceptual framework and research agenda

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Smith ◽  
Peter J Dowling ◽  
Elizabeth L Rose
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
International Business ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Psychic Distance ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Revised Definitions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In ◽  
Academic Study

AbstractThe concept of psychic distance has had a long but problematic history in the academic study of international business. Although inherently appealing, attempts to empirically validate the theoretical frameworks proposed by early psychic distance scholars have provided mixed results. This has led a number of academics to question the usefulness of the concept. Theoretical advances have been made in recent times with the introduction of revised definitions, but there is still the need for a conceptual framework of psychic distance that unambiguously identifies the determinants of psychic distance and demonstrates the relevance of this concept at the national, firm, and individual level. The present paper proposes a revised definition of psychic distance and posits a conceptual framework of psychic distance that addresses these needs. It then concludes by putting forward a research agenda arising as a consequence of the new conceptual framework.

Health Promotion Financing With Mongolia’s Social Health Insurance

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorjsuren Bayarsaikhan ◽  
Keiko Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Social Health Insurance ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Individual

Health promotion is receiving more attention in Mongolia. A survey is undertaken to examine health promotion in terms of health-related information, education, counseling, screening, and preventive and medical checkups. Almost all (97.5%) the participants feel that access to reliable and systematically organized health-related information is important. About 60% of the participants said that the amount of currently available information is inadequate. There are several factors that limit the implementation of public health programs. These include inadequate focus on promoting health at the individual level, lack of funds, and limited incentives to promote health. This article examines social health insurance as an option to address these issues. Three hypothetical benefits package options expanded to health promotion were developed and simulated by a computerized tool. The simulations show that all 3 options are financially sustainable at the existing level of contribution if Mongolia will gain near universal health insurance coverage and improve revenue collection practices.

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