The impact of coal combustion, nitrous oxide emissions, and traffic emissions on COVID-19 cases: a Markov-switching approach

Concerns of food and environmental security have increased enormously in recent years due to the vagaries of climate change and variability. Efforts to promote food security and environmental sustainability often reinforce each other and enable farmers to adapt to and mitigate the impact of climate change and other stresses. Some of these efforts are based on appropriate technologies and practices that restore natural ecosystems and improve the resilience of farming systems, thus enhancing food security. Climate smart agriculture (CSA) principles, for example, translate into a number of locally-devised and applied practices that work simultaneously through contextualised crop-soil-water-nutrient-pest-ecosystem management at a variety of scales. The purpose of this paper is to review concisely the current state-of-the-art literature and ascertain the potential of the Pfumvudza concept to enhance household food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation as it is promoted in Zimbabwe. The study relied heavily on data from print and electronic media. Datasets pertaining to carbon, nitrous oxide and methane storage in soils and crop yield under zero tillage and conventional tillage were compiled. Findings show that, compared to conventional farming, Pfumvudza has great potential to contribute towards household food security and reducing carbon emissions if implemented following the stipulated recommendations. These include among others, adequate land preparation and timely planting and acquiring inputs. However, nitrous oxide emissions tend to increase with reduced tillage and, the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides is environmentally unfriendly.

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Quantifying N2O emissions from intensive grassland production: the role of synthetic fertilizer type, application rate, timing and nitrification inhibitors

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859615000945 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 154 (5) ◽

pp. 812-827 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. J. BELL ◽

J. M. CLOY ◽

C. F. E. TOPP ◽

B. C. BALL ◽

A. BAGNALL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Application Rate ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Urea Fertilizer ◽

Mitigation Options ◽

Application Rates ◽

The Impact ◽

Ipcc Default

SUMMARYIncreasing recognition of the extent to which nitrous oxide (N2O) contributes to climate change has resulted in greater demand to improve quantification of N2O emissions, identify emission sources and suggest mitigation options. Agriculture is by far the largest source and grasslands, occupying c. 0·22 of European agricultural land, are a major land-use within this sector. The application of mineral fertilizers to optimize pasture yields is a major source of N2O and with increasing pressure to increase agricultural productivity, options to quantify and reduce emissions whilst maintaining sufficient grassland for a given intensity of production are required. Identification of the source and extent of emissions will help to improve reporting in national inventories, with the most common approach using the IPCC emission factor (EF) default, where 0·01 of added nitrogen fertilizer is assumed to be emitted directly as N2O. The current experiment aimed to establish the suitability of applying this EF to fertilized Scottish grasslands and to identify variation in the EF depending on the application rate of ammonium nitrate (AN). Mitigation options to reduce N2O emissions were also investigated, including the use of urea fertilizer in place of AN, addition of a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and application of AN in smaller, more frequent doses. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured from a cut grassland in south-west Scotland from March 2011 to March 2012. Grass yield was also measured to establish the impact of mitigation options on grass production, along with soil and environmental variables to improve understanding of the controls on N2O emissions. A monotonic increase in annual cumulative N2O emissions was observed with increasing AN application rate. Emission factors ranging from 1·06–1·34% were measured for AN application rates between 80 and 320 kg N/ha, with a mean of 1·19%. A lack of any significant difference between these EFs indicates that use of a uniform EF is suitable over these application rates. The mean EF of 1·19% exceeds the IPCC default 1%, suggesting that use of the default value may underestimate emissions of AN-fertilizer-induced N2O loss from Scottish grasslands. The increase in emissions beyond an application rate of 320 kg N/ha produced an EF of 1·74%, significantly different to that from lower application rates and much greater than the 1% default. An EF of 0·89% for urea fertilizer and 0·59% for urea with DCD suggests that N2O quantification using the IPCC default EF will overestimate emissions for grasslands where these fertilizers are applied. Large rainfall shortly after fertilizer application appears to be the main trigger for N2O emissions, thus applicability of the 1% EF could vary and depend on the weather conditions at the time of fertilizer application.

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The Impact of Post Anoxic Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations on nitrous Oxide Emissions in Nitrification Processes

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864711802766506 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 (9) ◽

pp. 6494-6499

Author(s):

Muriel Dumit ◽

Jordi Gabarró ◽

Sudhir Murthy ◽

Rumana Riffat ◽

Bernhard Wett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Dissolved Oxygen ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

The Impact ◽

Oxygen Concentrations

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Simulating the Impact of Management Practices on Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Soil Science Society of America Journal ◽

10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030028x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 736-742 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

C. Xu ◽

M. J. Shaffer ◽

M. Al-kaisi

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Management Practices ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

The Impact

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Nitrous oxide emissions from a peatbog after thirteen years of experimental nitrogen deposition

10.5194/bg-2016-70 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah R. Leeson ◽

Peter E. Levy ◽

Netty van Dijk ◽

Julia Drewer ◽

Sophie Robinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Nitrogen Deposition ◽

Statistical Power ◽

Automated System ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

High Doses ◽

Experimental Treatments ◽

Nitrogen Treatments ◽

The Impact ◽

Additional Nitrogen

Abstract. Nitrogen deposition was experimentally increased on a Scottish peat bog over a period of thirteen years (2002–2015). Nitrogen was applied in three forms, NH3 gas, NH4+ solution, and NO3− solution, at rates ranging from ambient (8) to 64 kg N ha−1 y−1, and higher near the NH3 fumigation source. An automated system was used to apply the nitrogen, such that the deposition was realistic in terms of rates and high frequency of deposition events. We measured the response of nitrous oxide (N2O) flux to the increased nitrogen input. Prior expectations, based on the IPCC default emission factor, were that 1 % of the added nitrogen would be emitted as N2O. In the plots treated with NH4+ and NO3− solution, no response was seen, and there was a tendency for N2O fluxes to be reduced by additional nitrogen, though this was not significant. Areas subjected to high NH3 emitted more N2O than expected, up to 8.5 % of the added nitrogen. Differences in the response are related to the impact of the nitrogen treatments on the vegetation. In the NH4+ and NO3− treatments, all the additional nitrogen is effectively immobilised in the vegetation and top 10 cm of peat. In the NH3 treatment, much of the vegetation was killed off by high doses of NH3, and the nitrogen was presumably more available to denitrifying bacteria. The design of the wet and dry experimental treatments meant that they differed in statistical power, and we are less likely to detect an effect of the the NH4+ and NO3− treatments, though they avoid issues of pseudo-replication.

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Soil Management Practices to Mitigate Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Inform Emission Factors in Arid Irrigated Specialty Crop Systems

Soil Systems ◽

10.3390/soilsystems3040076 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Xia Zhu-Barker ◽

Mark Easter ◽

Amy Swan ◽

Mary Carlson ◽

Lucas Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Crop Production ◽

Management Practices ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Soil Management ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Specialty Crops ◽

Specialty Crop ◽

The Impact

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from arid irrigated agricultural soil in California have been predicted to represent 8% of the state’s total GHG emissions. Although specialty crops compose the majority of the state’s crops in both economic value and land area, the portion of GHG emissions contributed by them is still highly uncertain. Current and emerging soil management practices affect the mitigation of those emissions. Herein, we review the scientific literature on the impact of soil management practices in California specialty crop systems on GHG nitrous oxide emissions. As such studies from most major specialty crop systems in California are limited, we focus on two annual and two perennial crops with the most data from the state: tomato, lettuce, wine grapes and almond. Nitrous oxide emission factors were developed and compared to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission factors, and state-wide emissions for these four crops were calculated for specific soil management practices. Dependent on crop systems and specific management practices, the emission factors developed in this study were either higher, lower or comparable to IPCC emission factors. Uncertainties caused by low gas sampling frequency in these studies were identified and discussed. These uncertainties can be remediated by robust and standardized estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from changes in soil management practices in California specialty crop systems. Promising practices to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and meet crop production goals, pertinent gaps in knowledge on this topic and limitations of this approach are discussed.

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The Impact of Air Transportation on Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL Modelling Approach

International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development ◽

10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.36.2001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 7-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Syeda Anam Hassan ◽

Misbah Nosheen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Air Transportation ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Positive Relation ◽

Long Run ◽

The Impact ◽

Bound Test

No one can deny the progression and innovation in the aviation transportation collected at national and international level. But the accountancy of the impact of air transportation on environmental degradation is naive and emerging trend of the current era. The air transportation versus environment is the key contribution to the literature that is solely conducted for Pakistan first time in this context. The objective of this research is to compute the impact of air transportation on carbon dioxide emissions, nitrous emissions and methane emissions separately in the three models by applying ARDL bound test approach during 1990 to 2017. The result depicts significant and positive relation of air transportation (carriage) to carbon dioxide emissions (0.77), nitrous emissions (0.20) and methane emissions (0.38) in long-run. The short-run results infer that the air transportation (passenger) has significantly positive relation to carbon dioxide emissions (0.278), nitrous emissions (0.207), and methane emissions (0.080). The econometric outcomes show the significant and direct relation to transportation (both passenger and cargo) to carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions in short and long-run. Moreover, per capita GDP, population density, and energy demand also significantly affect the environment showing significant and positive coefficients to all three categories (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) of emission. In case of Pakistan, FDI and trade for this duration didn’t significantly contribute to the CO2, NO2, and methane emissions. Since the last decade the economic issues of Pakistan like terrorism, political instability, energy crises, and poor management along with the worst performance by tertiary sectors have severely hit the economy, and as a result, the FDI and trade sector has tormented in a substantial proportion. Finally, pairwise Granger causation also supports the short and long-run consequences. The outcomes suggested that the fuel-efficient energy use and technological diversification in the transportation sector are essential to mitigate the degrading environmental emissions.

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Nitrous oxide emissions and soil mineral nitrogen status following application of hog slurry and inorganic fertilisers to acidic soils under forage grass

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss06024 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 145-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M S Mkhabela ◽

R. Gordon ◽

D. Burton ◽

A. Madani ◽

W. Hart

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

The Other ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Forage Grass ◽

Acidic Soils ◽

Available N ◽

The Impact ◽

Inorganic Fertilisers

Field application of livestock slurry often results in higher nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions than inorganic fertiliser, because slurry contains large amounts of available N and C, and when applied it increases soil water content, thus enhancing denitrification. This study evaluated the impact of hog (Sus scrofa) slurry and inorganic fertilisers on N2O emissions and soil inorganic N. Three short-term (3 wk) field experiments were conducted during summer 2005 on two contrasting acidic soils seeded to forage grass. Treatments included hog slurry (Slurry) at 126 kg N ha-1, potassium nitrate (Nitrate) at 120 kg N ha-1, ammonium sulphate (Ammonium) at 120 kg N ha-1, Carbon (Dextrose) at 500 kg ha-1 and an unamended control (Control). Potassium nitrate increased (P< 0.05) cumulative N2O losses compared with the other treatments. Emissions of N2O from Slurry and Ammonium were similar, but higher than from Dextrose and Control, which were similar. Soil NH4+-N contents for Slurry and Ammonium treatments were generally similar but higher than for the other treatments, particularly during the first and second sampling dates. Soil NO3−-N contents, meanwhile, were higher with the Nitrate treatment compared with the other treatments, especially at the first sampling date. These results imply that N2O production in these acid soils was limited by NO3-availability. Therefore, N2O emissions from these soils can be minimised by using ammonium-based fertilisers including hog slurry rather than nitrate-based fertilisers. Key words: Acidic soils, hog slurry, mineral fertiliser, soil nitrogen, N2O emissions

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Factors That Influence Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soils as Well as Their Representation in Simulation Models: A Review

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040770 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 770

Author(s):

Cong Wang ◽

Barbara Amon ◽

Karsten Schulz ◽

Bano Mehdi

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Impact Factor ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Impact Factors ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

The Impact

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Emissions of N2O mainly stem from agricultural soils. This review highlights the principal factors from peer-reviewed literature affecting N2O emissions from agricultural soils, by grouping the factors into three categories: environmental, management and measurement. Within these categories, each impact factor is explained in detail and its influence on N2O emissions from the soil is summarized. It is also shown how each impact factor influences other impact factors. Process-based simulation models used for estimating N2O emissions are reviewed regarding their ability to consider the impact factors in simulating N2O. The model strengths and weaknesses in simulating N2O emissions from managed soils are summarized. Finally, three selected process-based simulation models (Daily Century (DAYCENT), DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC), and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)) are discussed that are widely used to simulate N2O emissions from cropping systems. Their ability to simulate N2O emissions is evaluated by describing the model components that are relevant to N2O processes and their representation in the model.

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