scholarly journals Fungal diversity, woody debris, and wood decomposition in managed and unmanaged Patagonian Nothofagus pumilio forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1309-1321
Author(s):  
A. L. Gallo ◽  
P. V. Silva ◽  
P. López Bernal ◽  
A. S. Moretto ◽  
A. G. Greslebin
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Wood Decomposition

scholarly journals Fungal diversity, woody debris, and wood decomposition in managed and unmanaged Patagonian Nothofagus pumilio forests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Laura Gallo ◽  
Patricia Valeria Silva ◽  
Pablo López Bernal ◽  
Alicia Susana Moretto ◽  
Alina G. Greslebin
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Field Incubation ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Effects

Abstract Fungal diversity, woody debris, and wood decomposition were assessed in Nothofagus pumilio forests with and without forest management. A plot in a managed forest (MF) and a plot in an unmanaged control forest (C) were established in three sites in Chubut, Argentina. On each plot, forest structure, volume of woody debris, temperature, and humidity were recorded. Basidiomata of aphyllophoroid fungi were recorded in the fall and spring for 2 years. A decomposition assay with branches and twigs in two decay classes (DC) was established, and mass loss was measured after 3 and 2 years of field incubation respectively. To evaluate fungal diversity and mass loss within MF and C, generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM) were performed. Neither richness nor abundance differed between treatments, and community composition was similar. Only branches in DC2 showed greater mass loss in MF than in C. The volume of CWD was greater in MF and had a positive effect on fungal richness. A few aphyllophoroid species showed significant differences in abundance between treatments. Forest management in the conditions evaluated did not generate evident changes in fungal diversity, nor in wood decomposition. However, the differences observed in mass loss of DC2 could indicate that there were some factors operating in the past, that are no longer seen in the present, which may have accelerated decomposition. This highlights the need for studies evaluating changes in canopy cover, microclimate and fungal community, including potential key species, over a period starting just after the forest management.

scholarly journals Substrate properties, forest structure and climate influences wood-inhabiting fungal diversity in broadleaved and mixed forests from Northeastern Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. e021
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Copoț ◽  
Cătălin Tănase
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Mixed Forests ◽  
Fine Woody Debris ◽  
Precipitation Seasonality

Aim of the study: The main objective of this study was to find the factors which best explains the wood-inhabiting fungal species’ richness in beech and oak-dominated forests.Area of study: We focused on broadleaved and mixed forests found in Northeastern Romania.Materials and methods: 59 plots were randomly set up in broadleaved and mixed forest stands, in which vegetation structure, composition, and topoclimatic factors were quantified along with wood-inhabiting fungal richness. Generalized linear models were used to characterize relationship between fungal diversity and biotic and abiotic factors.Main results: 374 taxa were identified, with numerous species found to cohabitate, the highest sharing being between Fine Woody Debris and Downed Coarse Woody Debris. The best predictors of total diversity were related to the substrate, management, stand structure, and macroclimate. Higher volumes of logs and large branches in various decay stages increased fungal richness. The same effect was found in diverse forests, with large snags. Macroclimate and topoclimate positively influenced diversity, through De Martonne Aridity Index and snow cover length, both indicating macrofungi preferences for higher moisture of substrate. Silvicultural interventions had an ambivalent effect to fungal diversity, phenomenon observed through stump numbers and proportion.Research highlights: Particular environmental characteristics proved significantly important in explaining different wood-inhabiting fungal richness patterns. Substrate-related variables were the most common ones found, but they were closely linked to climate and forest stand variables.Keywords: Wood-inhabiting fungi; oak, beech and coniferous forests; substrate diversity; dead wood types; coarse woody debris; fine woody debris; climatic variables.Abbreviations used:ALT, elevation; ASPI, Aspect Index; BIO1, mean annual temperature; BIO4, temperature seasonality; BIO7, annual temperature range; BIO12, annual precipitation; BIO15, precipitation seasonality; CWD, coarse woody debris; DBH, diameter at breast height; DCWD, downed coarse woody debris; DCWD_DECAY, DCWD decay diversity; DCWD_DIV, DCWD taxonomic diversity; DCWD_SV, surface-volume ratio of DCWD; DCWD_VOL, DCWD volume; DMAI, De Martonne Aridity Index; DMAI_AU, Autumn DMAI; DMAI_SP, Spring DMAI; DMAI_SU, Summer DMAI; DMAI_WI, Winter DMAI; FAI, Forestry Aridity Index; FWD, fine woody debris; L_SNAG_BA, large snag basal area; OLD_BA, basal area of old trees; POI, Positive Openness Index; RAI, Recent Activity Index; SCL, snow cover length; SLOPE, slope; SNAG_N, snag density; STUMP_N, stump density; TPI, Topographic Position Index; TREE_BA, mean basal area of trees; TREE_DIV, tree' Shannon diversity.

scholarly journals Sheltering Role of Well-Decayed Conifer Logs for Forest Floor Fungi in Long-Term Polluted Boreal Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir S. Mikryukov ◽  
Olesya V. Dulya ◽  
Igor E. Bergman ◽  
Georgiy A. Lihodeevskiy ◽  
Anzhelika D. Loginova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Industrial Emissions

Coarse woody debris (CWD) provides food and shelter to a large proportion of forest biota and is considered vital for biodiversity during periods of harsh weather. However, its importance in long-term stressed ecosystems remains largely unknown. In this work, we explored the contribution of CWD to fungal diversity along the gradient of boreal forest degradation caused by 77 years of heavy industrial emissions. We analyzed the diversity and composition of fungi in 270 samples of well-decayed Picea abies and Abies sibirica logs, as well as forest litter both adjacent to and distant from the logs. Compared with forest litter, the wood had higher water content and possessed substantially lower concentrations of heavy metals, which suggests its potential favorability for biota in polluted areas. The pollution-induced loss of fungal diversity in forest litter reached 34% and was stronger in the microhabitats not influenced by CWD. Meanwhile, wood fungal communities lost less than 10% of their total richness and even increased in alpha diversity. These processes led to the diversity and compositional convergence of fungal communities from different microhabitats and substrates in polluted areas. Despite this, the importance of wood and CWD-influenced microhabitats for fungal diversity maintenance was low. Apart from wood-associated fungi, the taxa whose diversity increased in the wood of polluted areas were ectomycorrhizal fungi and eurytopic soil saprotrophs (Mucoromycota, Mortierellomycota, Eurotiomycetes, and Helotiales) that easily tolerate highly toxic litter. Within the majority of pollution-sensitive soil saprotrophic groups, only terricolous Tricholomataceae benefit from CWD as microrefugia. Upon considering the ecological variability within low-rank taxa, the importance of decayed logs as safe sites can be high for certain soil-inhabiting fungal groups in polluted areas.

scholarly journals Similarities and Differences among Soil Fungal Assemblages in Managed Forests and Formerly Managed Forest Reserves

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Marta Brygida Kujawska ◽  
Maria Rudawska ◽  
Robin Wilgan ◽  
Tomasz Leski
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Fungal Assemblages

Unlike the numerous works concerning the effect of management on the forest mycobiome, only a few studies have addressed how fungi from different trophic groups recover from natural and anthropogenic disturbances and develop structural features typical of unmanaged old-growth forests. Our objective is to compare the soil fungal assemblages represented by different functional/trophic groups in protected and managed stands located in European mixed forests dominated by Scots pine. Fungal communities were analyzed using high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) amplicons. Formerly managed forest reserves (established around 50 years ago) and forests under standard forest management appeared to be similar in terms of total and mean species richness of all fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs), as well as OTUs assigned to different functional trophic groups. Among the 599 recorded OTUs, 497 (83%) were shared between both management types, whereas 9.5% of taxa were unique to forest reserves and 7.5% were unique to managed stands. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant phyla, comprising 88% of all identified fungi. The main functional components of soil fungal assemblages consisted of saprotrophic (42% fungal OTUs; 27% reads) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (16%; 47%). Two-way analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) revealed that both site and management strategy influenced the species composition of soil fungal communities, with site being a primary effect for saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Volume of coarse and very fine woody debris and soil pH significantly influenced the ectomycorrhizal fungal community, whereas saprotrophic fungi were influenced primarily by volume of coarse woody debris and soil nitrate concentration. Among the identified fungal OTUs, 18 red-listed fungal species were identified from both forest reserves and managed forests, comprising two ECM fungi and four saprotrophs from the category of endangered species. Our results suggest that the transformation of fungal diversity after cessation of forest management is rather slow, and that both forest reserves and managed forests help uphold fungal diversity.

scholarly journals Fungal succession in decomposing woody debris across a tropical forest disturbance gradient: A field experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gbadamassi G.O. Dossa ◽  
Yun-Qiang Yang ◽  
Weiming Hu ◽  
Ekananda Paudel ◽  
Douglas Schaefer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Disturbance Gradient ◽  
Open Land

Abstract Background: Fungi are essential agents in decomposing woody debris (WD), an important carbon pool in forests. However, the ecology and dynamics of these fungal communities are poorly understood, especially in tropical forests. A better understanding of anthropogenic impacts, such as forest disturbances, on WD decomposition is also needed to appreciate their consequences on ecosystem functioning. Here, we examined the impacts of forest degradation and roles of fungal diversity and composition on WD decomposition rates across a disturbance gradient in a tropical montane rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China over three years. We measured wood specific gravity (WSG) loss from 280 logs from Litsea cubeba (low-WSG) and Castanopsis mekongensis (high-WSG). We concomitantly monitored fungal communities from 418 samples using next-generation sequencing after 0, 18 and 36 months field exposure. Results: Incubation time, habitat and termite presence were key drivers of fungal community composition. Fungal community succession showed a priority effect of precedent communities. C. mekongensis WD consistently harbored ~1.4 times less fungal species than L. cubeba , but had ~1.4 times more unique operational taxonomic unit (OTU) at 18 mo. Shared OTUs between wood species increased with time up to ~63 % at 36 mo. Regardless of wood species, fungal diversity and both saprotrophs and white-rot abundances peaked at 18 months. However, fungal diversity was not a significant predictor of WSG loss. WSG loss did not vary among habitats. This may result from compensatory changes in dominant functional traits, such as decay mechanisms (e.g., proportion of white rot-fungi, soft-rot fungi). For example white- rot fungal proportions were double in open land compared to mature forest. Likewise, more saprothrophs colonized high-WSG wood. Finally, ascomycetes (mainly Sordariomycetes and Dothiodeomycetes) and basidiomycetes (mostly Agaricomycetes) were dominant fungal groups. Open land was dominated by Trichoderma, regenerating forest by Herpothrichiellaceae and mature forest by Penicillium . Conclusions: White- and soft-rot fungi co-dominated decomposition, with the later increasing through time. A succession of different fungal functional groups yielded similar decomposition rates across the disturbance gradient. Incorporating dominant fungal functional trait dynamics into biogeochemical models may improve predictions of carbon dynamics.

Home range and habitat use by Magellanic Woodpeckers in an old-growth forest of Patagonia

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1265-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Ojeda ◽  
Laura Chazarreta
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Argentine Patagonia ◽  
Old Growth Forest

The Magellanic Woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus (King, 1827)) is a large, vulnerable species exhibiting geographic range retraction. We analyzed the size and location of forest areas used by these woodpeckers in consecutive years (2010–2012), as related to habitat characteristics, in an old-growth lenga (Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp et Endl.) Krasser) forest of Argentine Patagonia. Woodpeckers were tracked during the postbreeding season, and forest features were evaluated in plots within territories. Woodpecker density was 1.01 territories·100 ha–1. The resident population apparently saturates the forest available in the study site; hence, territorial disputes were frequent between all pairs of adjacent families. Families used 39.3 ± 13.6 ha during the postreproductive season and 63.2 ± 12.3 ha across the three seasons, with interannual variability in both location and size of the areas used. Abundances of large live trees and of coarse woody debris were correlated with smaller, presumably high-quality, home ranges. Other forest attributes that are often important in woodpecker habitat (e.g., snag density) had little relationship with home-range size, but the high availability of resources in old-growth forests may mask their potential importance in a poorer quality habitat. Our results show that Magellanic Woodpecker family groups require a minimum of 100 ha in old-growth forest habitat; thus, forest patches in less favourable forest conditions (e.g., younger, managed, fragmented, mixed forests) should probably be much larger to support a resident pair or family. This habitat size would be a provisional minimum threshold to be used in management decisions involving the forests of Patagonia until alternative figures are derived from studies across multiple forest types.

Influences of gap microheterogeneity on the regeneration of Nothofagus pumilio in a xeric old-growth forest of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Heinemann ◽  
Thomas Kitzberger ◽  
Thomas T Veblen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Northern Patagonia ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Demographic Bottleneck ◽  
Gap Creation

We experimentally examined the influences of within-gap environmental heterogeneity on regeneration patterns of Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser near the xeric limit of its distribution in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Results from this xeric old-growth forest are compared with patterns previously described for the same species in mesic forests. Survival of N. pumilio seedlings beneath tree-fall gaps in this relatively xeric forest appears to be strongly influenced by moisture availability. Seedlings and saplings that have survived this demographic bottleneck are found at microsites where soil water potentials are higher, such as in the shady northern edges of tree-fall gaps (Ψ = -0.46 MPa compared with less than -0.6 MPa in other gap positions) and on coarse woody debris (Ψ = -0.29 MPa, compared with -0.51 MPa on the forest floor). Although gap creation in this dry N. pumilio forest is favorable to tree regeneration by releasing light resources, decreased water resources may switch the system from a light- to a water-limited system in some positions of the gap. This may explain the lack of regeneration of N. pumilio often observed after creation of large gaps towards the xeric end of its range and needs to be considered in the management of this important timber species.

Effects of salmon carcass decomposition on biofilm growth and wood decomposition

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy K. Fisher Wold ◽  
Anne E Hershey
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Salmon Carcass ◽  
Stream Biota ◽  
Significant Mass Loss ◽  
Salmon Carcasses ◽  
Significant Mass

Salmon carcasses from spawning migrations can be retained in stream ecosystems behind woody debris, boulders, and other substrata where they contribute nutrients and organic matter to the stream biota. We hypothesized that carcasses would enhance algal and microbial growth and wood decomposition. To test this, we placed wood and clay pot substrata directly downstream of decomposing salmon in the Little Knife River, Minn., U.S.A., and compared total biofilm biomass on substrata in the vicinity of decomposing salmon and upstream of salmon carcasses. After 335 days in the stream, there was a significant mass loss of wood but no apparent effect of carcass decomposition on wood mass loss. Significantly, more chlorophyll a was found on both wood and pots when carcasses were present (p < 0.05) compared with controls. Stable isotope analyses suggest that the fish-derived nitrogen was taken up by the periphyton and total biofilm. Biofilm on the pots and wood near fish showed a significant increase in ash-free dry mass (p < 0.05). We conclude that fish-derived nutrients enhanced algal and total biofilm growth but did not significantly influence wood decomposition.

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