Regulation of the protein and gene expressions of ethylene biosynthesis enzymes under different temperature during peach fruit ripening

AbstractAlthough exogenous applications of gibberellins (GAs) delay tomato ripening, the regulatory mechanisms of GAs in the process have never been well recognized. Here, we report that the concentration of endogenous GAs is declined before the increase of ethylene production in mature-green to breaker stage fruits. We further demonstrate that reductions in GA levels via overexpression of a GA catabolism gene SlGA2ox1 specifically in fruit tissues lead to early ripening. Consistently, we have also observed that application of a GA biosynthetic inhibitor, prohexadione-calcium, at the mature-green stage accelerates fruit ripening, while exogenous GA3 application delays the process. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ethylene biosynthetic gene expressions and ethylene production are activated prematurely in GA-deficient fruits but delayed/reduced in exogenous GA3-treated WT fruits. We also show that the GA deficiency-mediated activation of ethylene biosynthesis is due to the activation of the ripening regulator genes RIN, NOR and CNR. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that GAs play a negative role in tomato fruit ripening.

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The NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2 transcription factor PpNAC.A59 enhances PpERF.A16 expression to promote ethylene biosynthesis during peach fruit ripening

Horticulture Research ◽

10.1038/s41438-021-00644-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhi-Hua Guo ◽

You-Jia Zhang ◽

Jia-Long Yao ◽

Zhi-Hua Xie ◽

Yu-Yan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Genetic Network ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Ethylene Response Factor ◽

Acid Oxidase ◽

Peach Fruit ◽

Climacteric Fruit ◽

Exogenous Ethylene

AbstractPeach is a typical climacteric fruit that releases ethylene during fruit ripening. Several studies have been conducted on the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in peach fruit. Herein, an ethylene response factor, PpERF.A16, which was induced by exogenous ethylene, could enhance ethylene biosynthesis by directly inducing the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (PpACS1) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (PpACO1) genes. Moreover, the NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2 (NAC) transcription factor (TF) PpNAC.A59 was coexpressed with PpERF.A16 in all tested peach cultivars. Interestingly, PpNAC.A59 can directly interact with the promoter of PpERF.A16 to induce its expression but not enhance LUC activity driven by any promoter of PpACS1 or PpACO1. Thus, PpNAC.A59 can indirectly mediate ethylene biosynthesis via the NAC-ERF signaling cascade to induce the expression of both PpACS1 and PpACO1. These results enrich the genetic network of fruit ripening in peach and provide new insight into the ripening mechanism of other perennial fruits.

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Diverse Functions of IAA-Leucine Resistant PpILR1 Provide a Genic Basis for Auxin-Ethylene Crosstalk During Peach Fruit Ripening

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.655758 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaobei Wang ◽

Junren Meng ◽

Li Deng ◽

Yan Wang ◽

Hui Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Transcriptional Activator ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Acid Hydrolases ◽

Peach Fruit ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Fruit Cultivation ◽

Transgenic Tomato Plants ◽

Functional Analyses

Auxin and ethylene play critical roles in the ripening of peach (Prunus persica) fruit; however, the interaction between these two phytohormones is complex and not fully understood. Here, we isolated a peach ILR gene, PpILR1, which encodes an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino hydrolase. Functional analyses revealed that PpILR1 acts as a transcriptional activator of 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (PpACS1), and hydrolyzes auxin substrates to release free auxin. When Cys137 was changed to Ser137, PpILR1 failed to show hydrolase activity but continued to function as a transcriptional activator of PpACS1 in tobacco and peach transient expression assays. Furthermore, transgenic tomato plants overexpressing PpILR1 exhibited ethylene- and strigolactone-related phenotypes, including premature pedicel abscission, leaf and petiole epinasty, and advanced fruit ripening, which are consistent with increased expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening, as well as suppression of branching and growth of internodes (related to strigolactone biosynthesis). Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the role of IAA-amino acid hydrolases in plants, and position the PpILR1 protein at the junction of auxin and ethylene pathways during peach fruit ripening. These results could have substantial implications on peach fruit cultivation and storage in the future.

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Characterization and Transcript Profiling of PME and PMEI Gene Families during Peach Fruit Maturation

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs04039-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 142 (4) ◽

pp. 246-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yunqing Zhu ◽

Wenfang Zeng ◽

Xiaobei Wang ◽

Lei Pan ◽

Liang Niu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Pectin Methylesterase ◽

Gene Families ◽

Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽

Regulation Mechanism ◽

Fruit Softening ◽

Peach Fruit

Pectins are synthesized and secreted to the cell wall as highly methyl-esterified polymers and demethyl-esterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs), which are regulated by pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). PMEs and PMEIs are involved in pectin degradation during fruit softening; however, the roles of the PME and PMEI gene families during fruit softening remain unclear. Here, 71 PME and 30 PMEI genes were identified in the peach (Prunus persica) genome and shown to be unevenly distributed on all eight chromosomes. The 71 PME genes comprised 36 Type-1 PMEs and 35 Type-2 PMEs. Transcriptome analysis showed that 11 PME and 15 PMEI genes were expressed during fruit ripening in melting flesh (MF) and stony-hard (SH) peaches. Three PME and five PMEI genes were expressed at higher levels in MF than in SH fruit and exhibited softening-associated expression patterns. Upstream regulatory cis elements of these genes related to hormone response, especially naphthaleneacetic acid and ethylene, were investigated. One PME (Prupe.7G192800) and two PMEIs (Prupe.1G114500 and Prupe.2G279800), and their promoters were identified as potential targets for future studies on the biochemical metabolism and regulation of fruit ripening. The comprehensive data generated in this study will improve our understanding of the PME and PMEI gene families in peach. However, further detailed investigation is necessary to elucidate the biochemical function and regulation mechanism of the PME and PMEI genes during peach fruit ripening.

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Potential role of glutathione peroxidase gene family in peach fruit ripening under combined postharvest treatment with heat and 1-MCP

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.08.016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 175-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Chen Huan ◽

Li Jiang ◽

Xiujuan An ◽

Ruoyi Kang ◽

Mingliang Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Gene Family ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Potential Role ◽

Peach Fruit ◽

Peroxidase Gene ◽

Postharvest Treatment

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NAC transcription factors play an important role in ethylene biosynthesis, reception and signaling of tomato fruit ripening

Molecular Genetics and Genomics ◽

10.1007/s00438-016-1177-0 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 291 (3) ◽

pp. 1205-1217 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Xiaohong Kou ◽

Chen Liu ◽

Lihua Han ◽

Shuang Wang ◽

Zhaohui Xue

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Nac Transcription Factors ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening

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A Non-Climacteric Fruit Gene CaMADS-RIN Regulates Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Biosynthesis in Climacteric Fruit

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0095559 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e95559 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Tingting Dong ◽

Guoping Chen ◽

Shibing Tian ◽

Qiaoli Xie ◽

Wencheng Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Climacteric Fruit

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Proteomic analysis of changes in mitochondrial protein expression during peach fruit ripening and senescence

Journal of Proteomics ◽

10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 147 ◽

pp. 197-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Xiaoqin Wu ◽

Li Jiang ◽

Mingliang Yu ◽

Xiujuan An ◽

Ruijuan Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Expression ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Proteomic Analysis ◽

Mitochondrial Protein ◽

Peach Fruit

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Re-evaluation of the nor mutation and the role of the NAC-NOR transcription factor in tomato fruit ripening

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (12) ◽

pp. 3560-3574 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ying Gao ◽

Wei Wei ◽

Zhongqi Fan ◽

Xiaodan Zhao ◽

Yiping Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Pectate Lyase ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Fruit Softening ◽

Wild Type ◽

Gain Of Function ◽

Carotenoid Accumulation ◽

Acid Protein ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening

Abstract The tomato non-ripening (nor) mutant generates a truncated 186-amino-acid protein (NOR186) and has been demonstrated previously to be a gain-of-function mutant. Here, we provide more evidence to support this view and answer the open question of whether the NAC-NOR gene is important in fruit ripening. Overexpression of NAC-NOR in the nor mutant did not restore the full ripening phenotype. Further analysis showed that the truncated NOR186 protein is located in the nucleus and binds to but does not activate the promoters of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase2 (SlACS2), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase2 (SlGgpps2), and pectate lyase (SlPL), which are involved in ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening, respectively. The activation of the promoters by the wild-type NOR protein can be inhibited by the mutant NOR186 protein. On the other hand, ethylene synthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening were significantly inhibited in CR-NOR (CRISPR/Cas9-edited NAC-NOR) fruit compared with the wild-type, but much less severely affected than in the nor mutant, while they were accelerated in OE-NOR (overexpressed NAC-NOR) fruit. These data further indicated that nor is a gain-of-function mutation and NAC-NOR plays a significant role in ripening of wild-type fruit.

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