Enzymatic incorporation of stearic acid into a blend of palm olein and palm kernel oil: Optimization by response surface methodology

The ever-growing concern for the safety of lives and the environment as well as the depletion in fossil fuels reserves across the globe has led to the keen interests of many researchers in the field of renewable energy. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the trans-esterification optimization process for biodiesel production from palm kernel using response surface methodology. The materials for the trans-esterification processes were palm kernel oil, Methanol and sodium hydroxide. The effects of reaction temperature (oC), catalyst concentration (wt%) and reaction time (min) on the yield were evaluated. The properties of the biodiesel produced showed that it met the ASTM standard for biodiesel. A quadratic polynomial model, Yield (%) = 78.60–3.12A–.62B + 0.00C -0.75AB – 3.50AC + 1.50BC + 2.82A2– 0.18B2 + 1.08C2, was developed that can be used to predict yield of biodiesel at any value of the different parameters investigated. The ANOVA for the model of the biodiesel yield obtained indicates that the models fit well in describing the relationship between the predictor (biodiesel yield) and the factors (methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time). The optimal trans-esterification conditions were found to be 60°C for temperature, 60minutes for reaction time, 0.878w% of oil as Sodium hydroxide (catalyst) concentration and methanol/oil ratio of 1:6. At these optimal conditions, the biodiesel yield was fond to be 89.32% The generated biodiesel had high cetane number, better engine ignitability and poses lesser pollution problems than petroleum diesel.

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FOUR-FACTOR RESPONSE SURFACE OPTIMIZATION OF THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF WAX ESTER FROM PALM KERNEL OIL

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.21653 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 83-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Erin Ryantin Gunawan ◽

Dedy Suhendra

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Wax Ester ◽

Central Composite Rotatable Design ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Substrate Molar Ratio ◽

Central Composite

The synthesis of wax ester using refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm kernel oil (PKO) and oley alcohol catalyzed by Lipozyme IM was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level, four-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to evaluate the interactive effects of synthesis, of reaction time (5-20 h), temperature (20-50 oC), amount of enzyme (0.1-0.2 g) and substrate molar ratio (palm kernel oil to oleyl alcohol, 1:1-1:5) on the percentage yield of wax esters. The optimum condition conditions derived via RSM were reaction time 8.46 h, temperature 44.4 oC, amount of enzyme 0.182 g, substrate molar ratio 1 to 3.7. The actual experimental yield was 92.9 % under optimum condition, which good accordance to the maximum predicted value of 92.4 %. Keywords: response surface methodology, central composite rotatable design, palm kernel oil, lipozyme, alcoholysis, wax ester

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Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system-genetic algorithm vs. response surface methodology: A case of optimization of ferric sulfate-catalyzed esterification of palm kernel oil

Process Safety and Environmental Protection ◽

10.1016/j.psep.2017.07.004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 211-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Niyi B. Ishola ◽

Omowumi O. Adeyemi ◽

Ayo J. Adesina ◽

Victoria O. Odude ◽

Oluwaseyi O. Oyetunde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithm ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Fuzzy Inference System ◽

Fuzzy Inference ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Inference System ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Neuro Fuzzy

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A New Approach Using Palm Olein, Palm Kernel Oil, and Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as Alternative Biolubricants: Improving Tribology in Metal-on-Metal Contact

Tribology Transactions ◽

10.1080/10402004.2014.989348 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 511-517 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

D. M. Razak ◽

S. Syahrullail ◽

N. Sapawe ◽

Y. Azli ◽

N. Nuraliza

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Palm Olein ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Metal Contact ◽

New Approach ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽

Metal On Metal ◽

Fatty Acid Distillate

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Characterization of palm kernel oil, palm stearin, and palm olein blends in isosolid diagrams

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology ◽

10.1002/ejlt.201000016 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 112 (9) ◽

pp. 1041-1047 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sheng-Li Zhou ◽

Fu-Qing Zhang ◽

Qing-Zhe Jin ◽

Yuan-Fa Liu ◽

Liang Shan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Olein ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Stearin ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil

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Effect of Palm Oil, Palm Olein, Palm Kernel Oil and Their Blends on the Lipid Profile of Albino Rats

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v25i8.21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 1421-1425

Author(s):

O.B. Imoisi ◽

V.O. Ezoguan ◽

M.I. Imafidon

Keyword(s):

Lipid Profile ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Olein ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

The Body ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil

Edible oils play an important role in the body as carriers of essential fatty acids, this essential fatty acids are not produced in the body but gotten from diet we consume. This study examined the effect of palm oil, palm olein, palm kernel oil and their blends (PKO: POL and POL: PKO) on the lipid profile of Albino rats. The aim was to investigate the nutritional and health effects of these oils. Serum was used in the biochemical analysis of lipid profile using Randox Laboratories (England) kit. High density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats fed diets containing unheated and unblended PKO was lower than the recommended range and palm olein and their blends were all higher than the recommended range of 40-59mg/dL. Palm kernel oil fortified diet significantly increased triglyceride levels while; total cholesterol levels were considered to be acceptable except for palm kernel oil and its blends. Palm kernel oil and higher blend of palm kernel oil increased significantly very low density lipoprotein cholesterol above the recommended limit of 2-30mg/dl. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol values in this study were far below the recommended limit for PKO and higher blends of PKO. In conclusion palm oil helps to lower total cholesterol concentration by stimulating the synthesis of protective HDL-C. Palm kernel oil increases total triglyceride and total cholesterol levels.

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Quality Parameters of Palm Olein, Palm Kernel Oil and its Blends Subjected to Thermal Stress using Photometric Technology

European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences ◽

10.24018/ejfood.2020.2.5.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

Author(s):

O. B. Imoisi ◽

M. E. Ukhun ◽

E. E. Ikpe

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stress ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Palm Olein ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Heating Time ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Totox Value

There is no much information regarding the partial replacement of palm olein with palm kernel oil. Palm olein mixed with palm kernel oil is commonly sold in Nigeria market today without proper blending and without determination of their suitability to consumer also ignorant of what ratio to be blended. Therefore, blends of palm olein (POL) and palm kernel oil (PKO) were formulated to assess their stability under elevated temperature using a fast, simple and reliable CDR palm oil tester photometric technology. The results were then compared with those obtained in POL. The blends studied were to investigate the effects of palm kernel oil partial replacement on the chemical stability of palm olein. the blends as partial replacement were missed in the ratio of PKO:POL(100:0), PKO:POL(80:20), PKO:POL(60:40) and POL:PKO(100:0), POL:PKO(80:20), POL:PKO(60:40). The POL, PKO and its blends were heated at 100, 150 and 200ᵒC. The time of heating were 20, 40 and 60mins respectively, making a total of 1 hour for heating without any frying operations. The physicochemical properties of the oil samples were fatty acid composition, free fatty acid, peroxide value, iodine value, anisidine value, cloud point, colour, melting point, viscosity and totox value were evaluated over heating time. Blending palm olein (POL) unsaturated oils with saturated (PKO) generally improved the parameters comparable to those demonstrated in palm olein (POL) and palm kernel oil alone. The result showed that as PKO was increased the concentration of saturated fatty acid also increased while unsaturated fatty acid decreased. Saturated oils were generally more stable to oxidation and less sensitive to thermal stress. Increase in the amount of PKO lead to reduction in FFA.

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