scholarly journals Trans-Esterification Optimization Process for Biodiesel Production from Palm Kernel Oil using Response Surface Methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
T.O. Rabiu ◽  
N.A. Folami ◽  
N.A. Badiru ◽  
N.A. Kinghsley ◽  
B.T. Dare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimization Process ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

The ever-growing concern for the safety of lives and the environment as well as the depletion in fossil fuels reserves across the globe has led to the keen interests of many researchers in the field of renewable energy. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the trans-esterification optimization process for biodiesel production from palm kernel using response surface methodology. The materials for the trans-esterification processes were palm kernel oil, Methanol and sodium hydroxide. The effects of reaction temperature (oC), catalyst concentration (wt%) and reaction time (min) on the yield were evaluated. The properties of the biodiesel produced showed that it met the ASTM standard for biodiesel. A quadratic polynomial model, Yield (%) = 78.60–3.12A–.62B + 0.00C -0.75AB – 3.50AC + 1.50BC + 2.82A2– 0.18B2 + 1.08C2, was developed that can be used to predict yield of biodiesel at any value of the different parameters investigated. The ANOVA for the model of the biodiesel yield obtained indicates that the models fit well in describing the relationship between the predictor (biodiesel yield) and the factors (methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time). The optimal trans-esterification conditions were found to be 60°C for temperature, 60minutes for reaction time, 0.878w% of oil as Sodium hydroxide (catalyst) concentration and methanol/oil ratio of 1:6. At these optimal conditions, the biodiesel yield was fond to be 89.32% The generated biodiesel had high cetane number, better engine ignitability and poses lesser pollution problems than petroleum diesel.

Lipase-catalyzed production of medium-chain triacylglycerols from palm kernel oil distillate: Optimization using response surface methodology

2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chee Tein Low ◽  
Rosfarizan Mohamad ◽  
Chin Ping Tan ◽  
Kamariah Long ◽  
Rosnah Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Kernel Oil

scholarly journals Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production Using Calcium Methoxide Catalyst Assisted with Tetrahydrofuran as Cosolvent

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichaonn Chumuang ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Standard Requirement

The present study was performed to optimize a heterogeneous calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH3)2) catalyzed transesterification process assisted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a 5-level-4-factor central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion. A quadratic model with an analysis of variance obtained from the RSM is suggested for the prediction of FAME conversion and reveals that 99.43% of the observed variation is explained by the model. The optimum conditions obtained from the RSM were 2.83 wt% of catalyst concentration, 11.6 : 1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 100.14 min of reaction time, and 8.65% v/v of THF in methanol concentration. Under these conditions, the properties of the produced biodiesel satisfied the standard requirement. THF as cosolvent successfully decreased the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and reaction time when compared with biodiesel production without cosolvent. The results are encouraging for the application of Ca(OCH3)2 assisted with THF as a cosolvent for environmentally friendly and sustainable biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Process Modelling and Optimization of Green Lube Oil Synthesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1002-1017
Author(s):  
Rasheed U. Owolabi ◽  
Mohammed A. Usman ◽  
Oribayo Oluwasola ◽  
Ikuejawa T. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Central Composite

Modeling and optimization of trans-esterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) to trimethylolpropone ester (TMP ester- a bio-lubricant) via palm kernel oil methyl ester (PKOME-a biodiesel) synthesis were investigated. The central composite design (CCD) component of the response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted for the optimization of the process parameters, where temperature and weight ratio of PKOME to TMP were held constant at 130 °C and 3.9 : 1 respectively, to generate 20 experimental runs. Bio-lubricant yield was calculated for each experimental run. A quadratic-like model was generated that related the yield to the process parameters (Reaction time, Stirring Speed, and Catalyst concentration). The predicted and actual R2 value were 0.9856 and 0.9959 respectively, which indicate an excellent agreement between experimental and predicted bio-lubricant yield. The predicted maximum bio-lubricant yield was 98.11 % at reaction time of 99.9084 mins, stirring speed of 863.794 rpm, and catalyst concentration 0.84522 wt. %. The experimental value obtained under same conditions was 96.996 %. Physico-chemical analysis of the bio-lubricant synthesized at optimum conditions were found to be within the range of the ASTM standard for bio-lubricants

scholarly journals FOUR-FACTOR RESPONSE SURFACE OPTIMIZATION OF THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF WAX ESTER FROM PALM KERNEL OIL

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Ryantin Gunawan ◽  
Dedy Suhendra
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Central Composite Rotatable Design ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio ◽  
Central Composite

The synthesis of wax ester using refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm kernel oil (PKO) and oley alcohol catalyzed by Lipozyme IM was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level, four-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to evaluate the interactive effects of synthesis, of reaction time (5-20 h), temperature (20-50 oC), amount of enzyme (0.1-0.2 g) and substrate molar ratio (palm kernel oil to oleyl alcohol, 1:1-1:5) on the percentage yield of wax esters. The optimum condition conditions derived via RSM were reaction time 8.46 h, temperature 44.4 oC, amount of enzyme 0.182 g, substrate molar ratio 1 to 3.7. The actual experimental yield was 92.9 % under optimum condition, which good accordance to the maximum predicted value of 92.4 %.   Keywords: response surface methodology, central composite rotatable design, palm kernel oil, lipozyme, alcoholysis, wax ester

scholarly journals Ultrasonic method of Biodiesel production from Palm kernel

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. K. Onanuga ◽  
J. O. Coker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Alternative Diesel Fuel

Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative fuel derived from chemical reactors produced from palm kernel oil, is currently spreading like a wind dust in the air. It is considered as the fuel for the future without rise in global warming. It has advantages over the fossil fuel diesel as sustainability (renewable resources), ease of production, and availability of raw materials. The study examines the biodiesel produced through transesterification of palm kernel oil (1% fatty acid) with methanol using granulated sodium hydroxide as catalyst through ultrasonic method. The palm kernel oil biodiesel produced was characterized as alternative diesel fuel through standard tests (ASTM) for basic fuel properties such as viscosity, cloud point, pour point, flash point and specific gravity as well as economical feasibility for Nigeria. The result showed that 875g of palm kernel oil (1% fatty acid) with 175g of methanol using 13g of sodium hydroxide (granulated) subjected to ultrasonic method for 1 hour through transesterification process produced 96.23% of biodiesel and 16.89% of glycerol plus high excess methanol wasallowed to settle for 6 hours. Two layers were observed containing unwashed biodiesel at the top and darker layers of glycerin. After washing the biodiesel with warm water, the cleaned, biodiesel was dried by heat to remove the moisture from and allowed to settle down. A bright colour biodiesel was obtained which was within the international standard for biodiesel fuel.

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