scholarly journals Impact of Chronic HIV Infection on SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19 Disease and Vaccines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yexin Yang ◽  
Akiko Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Purpose of Review The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed into a global pandemic that affect the health of hundreds of millions worldwide. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with chronic human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection is of concern, due to their already immunocompromised status. Yet, whether and how the immunological changes brought about by HIV will affect the immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 acute infection and impact the effectiveness of vaccines remain unclear. We discuss the intersection of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals. Recent Findings People living with HIV (PLWH) may be at increased risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease complication due to functional impairment of the immune system and persistent inflammation, which can be ameliorated by antiretroviral therapy. Importantly, limited data suggest that current approved vaccines may be safe and efficacious in PLWH. Summary To address remaining questions and supplement limited experimental evidence, more studies examining the interplay between HIV and SARS-CoV-2 through their impact on the host immune system are required.

scholarly journals Echocardiographic Assessment of Asymptomatic US Air Force Members with Early HIV Infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gadiel Rafael Alvarado ◽  
Courtney Usry ◽  
Rosco Gore ◽  
James Watts ◽  
Jason Okulicz
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Global Longitudinal Strain ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Us Air Force ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Objective People living with HIV (PLHIV) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and development of subclinical echocardiographic abnormalities. The pathogenicity of HIV induced cardiotoxicity has been described however the time to development of echocardiographic abnormalities after HIV acquisition remains unclear. In this study we describe the echocardiographic evaluations of asymptomatic US Air Force members who were diagnosed with HIV infection. Results Patients (n=50) were predominantly male (96%), mostly black (60%), with a mean age of 28 years. At HIV diagnosis, the mean viral load was 112,585 copies/mL and CD4 count was 551 cells/uL; 2 patients were diagnosed with AIDS. All were found to have normal systolic ejection fraction (EF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) however evidence of right ventricular dilatation and cardiac remodeling was observed in 7 (14%) and 13 (26%) patients, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed no significant differences in echocardiographic findings by HIV disease severity or CVD risk factors (p >0.05 for all). This study suggests that untreated HIV may have a low impact on the development of echocardiographic abnormalities shortly after seroconversion. Longitudinal studies are warranted to determine the optimal CVD risk assessment strategies for PLHIV.

scholarly journals Community‐Acquired Pneumonia and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in People Living With HIV

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry S. Zifodya ◽  
Meredith S. Duncan ◽  
Kaku A. So‐Armah ◽  
Engi F. Attia ◽  
Kathleen M. Akgün ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background Hospitalization with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in patients uninfected with HIV. We evaluated whether people living with HIV (PLWH) have a higher risk of CVD or mortality than individuals uninfected with HIV following hospitalization with CAP. Methods and Results We analyzed data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study on US veterans admitted with their first episode of CAP from April 2003 through December 2014. We used Cox regression analyses to determine whether HIV status was associated with incident CVD events and mortality from date of admission through 30 days after discharge (30‐day mortality), adjusting for known CVD risk factors. We included 4384 patients (67% [n=2951] PLWH). PLWH admitted with CAP were younger, had less severe CAP, and had fewer CVD risk factors than patients with CAP who were uninfected with HIV. In multivariable‐adjusted analyses, CVD risk was similar in PLWH compared with HIV‐uninfected (hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.70–1.12), but HIV infection was associated with higher mortality risk (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.16–1.90). In models stratified by HIV status, CAP severity was significantly associated with incident CVD and 30‐day mortality in PLWH and patients uninfected with HIV. Conclusions In this study, the risk of CVD events during or after hospitalization for CAP was similar in PLWH and patients uninfected with HIV, after adjusting for known CVD risk factors and CAP severity. HIV infection, however, was associated with increased 30‐day mortality after CAP hospitalization in multivariable‐adjusted models. PLWH should be included in future studies evaluating mechanisms and prevention of CVD events after CAP.

scholarly journals Global and regional prevalence and outcomes of COVID-19 in people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reynie Purnama Raya ◽  
Ami Kamila ◽  
Jaber S Alqahtani ◽  
Ahmed M Hjazi ◽  
Amy Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background The relationship between HIV infection and COVID-19 clinical outcome is unclear with conflicting data and hypotheses. We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk of severe COVID-19 and death in people living with HIV (PLWH) on the global and continental level. Methods Electronic databases were systematically searched in July 2021. Studies were screened and then extracted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analyses guidelines. Narratives were synthesised and data pooled for global and continental prevalence and relative risk of severity and mortality in HIV-infected COVID-19 patients using random effect model. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa score, Egger,s test and presented as funnel plots. Results A total of 46 studies were included involving 18,034,947 COVID-19 cases of which 31,269 were PLWH. The global prevalence of PLWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection was 1% (95% CI = 0.9% - 1.1%) with the highest prevalence observed in sub-Saharan Africa. The relative risk (RR) of COVID-19 severity was significant only in Africa (RR, 95% CI = 1.14, 1.08 - 1.24) while risk of COVID-19 mortality was 1.53% (95% CI = 1.45 - 2.03) globally. The prevalence of PLWH in COVID-19 cases was significantly low, and the calculated global risk ratio show that HIV infection may be linked with increased COVID-19 death. The between-studies heterogeneity was significantly high while risk of publication bias was not significant. Conclusion There is low prevalence HIV-SARS-CoV-2 coinfection. HIV infection was linked with severe COVID-19 in the Africa and increased risk of death globally.

Living with HIV in the Time of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naveed Noor
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Associated Conditions ◽  
Living With Hiv

This commentary foregrounds the need to examine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated conditions may be affecting the lives of people living with HIV (PLWH) in a developing country context like Pakistan. It raises some important questions on medical care and updated information regarding PLWH in the time of COVID-19. Since PLWH are at an increased risk of developing comorbid conditions – something that makes them more vulnerable to COVID-19 – it is critical that timely research and evidence-based actions are undertaken to protect their health.

Prevalence of Asymptomatic Cryptococcal Antigenemia and Association with Follow-up risk of Cryptococcal Meningitis and Mortality among HIV Infected Patients in North West India – A Prospective Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Bhati ◽  
Pramendra Sirohi ◽  
Bharat Sejoo ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Gopal K Bohra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cryptococcal Antigen ◽  
North West ◽  
Cryptococcal Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Objective: Cryptococcal meningitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV infected individuals. In the era of universal antiretroviral therapy incidence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) related cryptococcal meningitis has increased. Detection of serum cryptococcal antigen in asymptomatic PLHIV (People Living With HIV) and pre-emptive treatment with fluconazole can decrease the burden of cryptococcal disease. We conducted this study to find the prevalence of asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia in India and its correlation with mortality in PLHIV. Method and material: This was a prospective observational study. HIV infected ART naïve patients with age of ≥ 18 years who had CD4 counts ≤ 100 /µL were included and serum cryptococcal antigen test was done. These patients were followed for six months to look for the development of Cryptococcal meningitis and mortality. Results: A total of 116 patients were analysed. Asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia was detected in 5.17% patients and it correlated with increased risk of cryptococcal meningitis and mortality on follow-up in PLHIV. Conclusion: Serum cryptococcal positivity is correlated with increased risk of Cryptococcal meningitis and mortality in PLHIV. We recommend the screening of asymptomatic PLHIV with CD4 ≤ 100/µL for serum cryptococcal antigen, so that pre-emptive treatment can be initiated to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Assessment of coronary inflammation in antiretroviral treated people living with HIV infection and active HIV/HCV co-infection

AIDS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Jeudy ◽  
Pratik Patel ◽  
Nivya George ◽  
Shana Burrowes ◽  
Jennifer Husson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

Health-related quality of life of people living with HIV infection in Spain: a gender perspective

AIDS Care ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1509-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmina R. Fumaz ◽  
Maider Larrañaga-Eguilegor ◽  
Sonia Mayordomo-López ◽  
Sandra Gómez-Martínez ◽  
Marian González-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Living With Hiv

scholarly journals HIV status alters disease severity and immune cell responses in beta variant SARS-CoV-2 infection wave

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farina Karim ◽  
Inbal Gazy ◽  
Sandile Cele ◽  
Yenzekile Zungu ◽  
Robert Krause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Changes ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Hiv Negative

There are conflicting reports on the effects of HIV on COVID-19. Here we analyzed disease severity and immune cell changes during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in 236 participants from South Africa, of which 39% were people living with HIV (PLWH), during the first and second (beta dominated) infection waves. The second wave had more PLWH requiring supplemental oxygen relative to HIV negative participants. Higher disease severity was associated with low CD4 T cell counts and higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios (NLR). Yet, CD4 counts recovered and NLR stabilized after SARS-CoV-2 clearance in wave 2 infected PLWH, arguing for an interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV infection leading to low CD4 and high NLR. The first infection wave, where severity in HIV negative and PLWH was similar, still showed some HIV modulation of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses. Therefore, HIV infection can synergize with the SARS-CoV-2 variant to change COVID-19 outcomes.

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