scholarly journals European illegal puppy trade and organised crime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Maher ◽  
Tanya Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Online Monitoring ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Illicit Market ◽  
Wildlife Trafficking ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Organised Crime Groups ◽  
The Uk

AbstractOrganised crime groups’ involvement in illicit markets is a common focus of law enforcement and governments. Drug, weapon, human and wildlife trafficking (and others) are all illegal activities with link to organised crime. This paper explores the overlooked illicit market of puppies. We detail the state of knowledge about the organisation of the UK puppy trade, which includes irresponsible and illegal breeding of puppies throughout Europe and their often-illegal movement into the UK. In 2017, we conducted an analysis of hundreds of online advertisements in Scotland, 12 expert interviews, a stakeholder survey of 53 participants, and 40 focus groups across Great Britain. Our data suggest an organised illicit market running in parallel to the legal trade. We speculate as to whether at some point along the supply chain organised crime groups are responsible for the suffering and death of the puppies and the economic and emotional damage to ‘consumers’. Online monitoring and physical scrutiny at the ports must be improved to reduce non-human animal abuse. People buying puppies must also be made aware that their purchase could be profiting organised crime.

scholarly journals Countering the Australian ‘ndrangheta: The criminalisation of mafia behaviour in Australia between national and comparative criminal law

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sergi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Organised Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups

Mafia-type criminal groups belonging to, or originated from, the Calabrian ‘ndrangheta from Southern Italy, have been object of recent academic research and media attention in Australia. The Australian ‘ndrangheta, as qualified form of organised crime, poses new challenges for law enforcement in the country. This paper briefly looks at the strategies to fight organised crime in Australia, with specific focus on anti-association laws. By using a comparative approach, the paper will look at the criminalisation of mafias as qualified forms of organised crime in other two jurisdictions, Italy and the USA, to advocate for an effective mafia criminalisation in Australia. In conclusion, this paper will argue that, in order to also fight mafia phenomena, criminal law in Australia should focus on behaviours of organised crime groups rather than only on the criminalisation of proscribed associations and their illegal activities.

Terrorism, organised crime and threat mitigation in a globalised world

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-961
Author(s):  
Yara El Siwi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subsequent Section ◽  
Threat Mitigation ◽  
Organised Crime Groups ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Substantial Interest

Purpose The gruesome attacks of 11 September 2001 signalled a powerful paradigm shift in international politics: governments previously accustomed to military menaces were now being increasingly threatened by independent, non-state actors. Consequently, a plethora of literature emerged, looking to better understand the nature of these actors. An aspect that has attracted substantial interest is the inter-relation between terrorism and organised crime (OC). This paper aims to answer the question as to whether, for the purpose of controlling and mitigating the threat they pose to society, there is meaning in differentiating between terrorist organisations (TOs) and organised crime groups (OCGs). Design/methodology/approach The first section of the paper will provide an account of the various kinds of threats posed by OCGs and TOs. The subsequent section will question whether it is possible, in today’s globalised era, to distinguish between these two actors, while the last sections will ask if such a differentiation is desirable. Findings OCGs and TOs display a clear divergence: the former’s motivation is financial while the latter’s political. With the end of the Cold War, however, each type of organisation has been building up the capabilities of the other, helped by the force of global networks. As such, these two actors now exist within the same body – a continuum – that renders their separation difficult. As to the question of desirability, the separation of the two phenomena has often led to the adoption of highly disproportionate militarised and securitised measures, resulting in a dangerous blending of law enforcement and security service methodology. Originality/value Many have argued for the separation of the “terrorist” from the “criminal”, on the grounds that the former is particularly heinous and deserving of more severe measures. Others have studied the evolution of these two phenomena to understand whether the lines separating them have been blurring and the extent to which this affects law-enforcement. This paper goes beyond notions of feasibility and poses the following question: has the traditional separation of these phenomena led to a desirable regime?

Facilitating Irregular Migration into Malaysia and from Indonesia: Illicit Markets, Endemic Corruption and Symbolic Attempts to Overcome Impunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Gerhard Hoffstaedter ◽  
Antje Missbach
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Irregular Migration ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Control Power ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Formal Economy

Abstract Discourses around illicit markets for irregular migration focus on criminality and global dimensions threatening border security and the sovereignty of the state. Organised crime has generally been understood to be committed by crime syndicates outside or parallel to the dominant order and formal economy. In Malaysia and Indonesia, however, the state (or parts thereof) is heavily implicated in such crime and essential for the success of unsanctioned trans-border movements. The participation of state officials could be analysed as a convergence of extralegal income generation and symbolic law enforcement. This article presents case studies from Malaysia and Indonesia that could only have taken place because security officials facilitated them. It challenges the orthodoxy of a state versus criminal network opposition and seeks to explain the circumstances under which legal prosecution occurs. The symbolic punishment of low-ranking officials reinforces networks of control, power hierarchies and cooperation of the state in illicit markets.

Illicit Market for Counterfeit Products at Small Businesses in Michigan

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1289-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon A. Sullivan ◽  
Jeremy M. Wilson ◽  
Ross S. Militz
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Crime Problem ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Illicit Market ◽  
Incident Reports ◽  
Counterfeit Products

Research on small businesses facilitating illicit markets and the efforts of nonfederal law enforcement agencies to identify these small business offenders has been scant. This exploratory study examines the illicit market for counterfeit products sold through small businesses in the State of Michigan. We used police incident reports of counterfeit products identified during administrative tobacco inspections of small businesses to provide a unique look at this crime problem and the efforts of law enforcement to curtail it. We analyzed the content of these incident reports to explore characteristics of the incidents, businesses and suspects selling counterfeit products, how the counterfeit products were identified and verified, and the origin of the counterfeits. Implications for law enforcement efforts to address counterfeit criminal enterprises and directions for future research are discussed.

Organised crime goes online: realities and challenges

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Lavorgna
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Internet Crime ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Police Records ◽  
The Uk

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide an empirically based description of how the Internet is exploited by different types of organised crime groups (OCGs), ranging from Italian mafia-style groups to looser gangs. Design/methodology/approach – The article relies on a dataset collected from mid-2011 to mid-2013 and, specifically, on semi-structured interviews to law enforcement officials and acknowledged experts in Italy, the UK, the USA and The Netherlands; judicial transcripts; police records; and media news. Findings – This article provides an account of the main scope for which the Internet has been used for various criminal activities traditionally associated with the organised crime rhetoric, first and foremost, cross-border trafficking activities. This study also discusses some current legal and policy approaches to deal with OCGs operating online. Originality/value – This contribution addresses an under-investigated research field and aims to foster a reflection on the opportunity to integrate Internet crime research, and even more Internet crime investigations, into the everyday routines of criminologists, analysts and law enforcement officers.

scholarly journals Connections between trades and trafficking in wildlife and drugs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan van Uhm ◽  
Nigel South ◽  
Tanya Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Illicit Market ◽  
International Attention ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Wildlife Trafficking ◽  
Single Commodity

AbstractWhilst drug trafficking has been a concern for several decades, wildlife trafficking has only fairly recently garnered international attention. Often media coverage of wildlife trafficking links it to the illegal trade of drugs. This article analyses wildlife and drug trafficking connections of various kinds. The purpose is to reveal the overlaps and synergies of wildlife and drug trafficking, providing concrete examples of where these markets co-exist as well as intertwine based on literature and original fieldwork. It explores the question of ‘Why in some cases, an illicit market remains focused on a single commodity, whilst in others it accommodates a combination of illicit commodities?’ This study identifies different types of wildlife-drugs linkages, including combined contraband, camouflage, multiple trade lines, shared smuggling routes and transportation methods, barter trade, and laundering drug money. The article shows that illicit markets are complex and the examples of activities and transactions that are provided illuminate some of the different dimensions of converging and diverging trades involving wildlife and drugs.

POLICE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANISED CRIME — POLICE TASKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Araucz-Boruc
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Police Investigation ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Law Enforcement Agency ◽  
The Face ◽  
Organised Crime Groups ◽  
Central Police

n the face of the emerging new threats related to the development of civilisation, organised crime groups are becoming increasingly active at various levels of social life. The intensifi ed activity of organised crime groups affects the citizens’ sense of security, and therefore appropriate measures are taken to detect, combat and counteract such threats. The article indicates the basic tasks of the Police in relation to individual areas of activity of organised crime groups, and shows the role of the Central Police Investigation Bureau as a law enforcement agency in combatting organised crime.

The Jurisdictional Challenge Answered—Enforcement through Gatekeepers on the Internet

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-80
Author(s):  
Julia Hörnle
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
White Paper ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Intermediary Liability ◽  
The Uk

Chapter 3 examines the consequences of the Jurisdictional Challenge of the internet for the enforcement of public law, such as content regulation and criminal law relating to illegal content. Internet applications such as websites, mobile apps, peer-to-peer file sharing, cyberlockers, and social media have enabled the remote sharing of illegal content and criminal interaction between people globally and across national borders. This global spread of illegal activities creates challenges for the application and enforcement of national law, as perpetrators may be remote from enforcement authorities, and content is shared instantly. The imposition of liability on intermediaries such as social media platforms as gatekeepers for law enforcement as a way of overcoming the Jurisdictional Challenge is critically discussed. Enforcement takes place against entities facilitating or enabling dissemination of illegal content or the illegal activities instead of the primary perpetrators. This strategy is used to overcome the “out of reach” problem caused by decentralization and remote targeting. This chapter critically analyses in detail the provisions on intermediary liability/immunity and recent proposals to impose a duty of care, particularly in respect of child sexual exploitation and abuse, and terrorism-related materials. It examines the German Network Law Enforcement Act and other countries’ similar initiatives (including the UK White Paper “Online Harms”) and the provisions in the revised EU AVMS Directive. It critically examines regulation by platforms themselves and the human rights implications of coregulation. Both notice and take-down regimes and blocking of internet access to material are covered, and different initiatives evaluated and compared.

Illicit gun, drug and cigarette markets are thriving

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Gun Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Terrorist Activity ◽  
Policy Experimentation ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Terrorist Groups

Subject The outlook for illicit markets. Significance The recent increase in terrorist activity worldwide has drawn attention to three illicit markets: firearms, drugs and cigarettes. Firearms are a highly lethal weapon of choice for terrorists, but homicides using firearms kill almost 18 times more people than terrorist attacks using firearms every year around the world. The global drug market continues to adjust to law enforcement interventions, with only marginal links to terrorist groups. The illicit cigarette trade kills 700,000 people annually, and fuels corruption and organised crime. Impacts Increasing terrorist activity worldwide will raise further attention on these issues. Renewed gun control efforts are expected in Europe, and to a lesser extent in the United States. Further policy experimentation will occur on tackling the drug trade, including through cannabis regulation.

scholarly journals The Cooperation Provisions of the un Convention against Transnational Organised Crime: A ‘Toolbox’ Rarely Used?

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Boister
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Transnational Crime ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Mutual Legal Assistance ◽  
Asset Recovery ◽  
Review Mechanism ◽  
Organised Crime Groups

This article examines the provisions for international cooperation in the un Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (untoc) and their effectiveness in achieving the untoc’s goal of promoting effective cooperation in the prevention and combating of transnational organised crime. It is a response to the growing sense that the untoc is not as effective a tool as promised, which sense is exacerbated by the absence of a functional review mechanism for the untoc. The article notes the delimitation of the scope of the untoc based on organised crime groups that participate in serious transnational crime. It then goes on to describe the untoc’s provisions for informal law enforcement cooperation, mutual legal assistance, international cooperation in asset recovery and extradition, and examines what little evidence there is of the implementation of these provisions. It concludes that the untoc appears to be have been more successful as a tool for promoting informal rather than formal cooperation, and speculates as to why this may be so.

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