There is an increasing interest in identifying soil hydraulic properties from simplified evaporation experiments. However, the conventional simplified evaporation method includes a deficit due to using the linear assumption and not accounting for uncertainty in parameters. A suggested alternative method is assessing the parameter uncertainties through inverse modeling. We examined the combination of a Bayesian inverse method, namely, DREAM(ZS), and a numerical simulation model, namely, HYDRUS-1D, for parameter inversion with data in simplified evaporation experiments. The likelihood function could be conditioned only on pressure head observations (single-objective (SO)), or on both pressure head and evaporation rate observations (multi-objective (MO)), with different treatments on the top boundary condition. Three synthetic numerical experiments were generated in terms of the soil types of sand, loam and clay to verify the inverse modeling method. The MO approach performed better than the SO approach and linear assumption when the stage 1 evaporation rate was kept constant. However, the SO inversion was more robust when oscillations existed in the potential evaporation rate. Then, the SO inverse modeling was adopted to investigate two real experiments on loamy-sand soils and compared with the linear assumption. The linear assumption could be reliable for wet conditions with stage 1 evaporation but was not always useable for a relatively dry condition, such as that with stage 2 evaporation. The inverse modeling could be more successful in capturing the whole evaporation process of soils when both stage 1 and stage 2 were involved.
Inverse estimation of soil hydraulic properties and water repellency following artificially induced drought stress
