On energy efficiency in underwater wireless sensor networks with cooperative routing

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashfaq Ahmad ◽  
Sheeraz Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Masoom Alam ◽  
Iftikhar Azim Niaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Cooperative Routing

Region based cooperative routing in underwater wireless sensor networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Javaid ◽  
Sheraz Hussain ◽  
Ashfaq Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Abid Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Cooperative Routing

Energy Efficiency of Coding Schemes for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

2015 ◽  
pp. 27-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Leeson ◽  
Sahil Patel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Forward Error Correction ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Transmission Distance

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are used in applications such as mineral exploration and environmental monitoring, and must offer reliability and energy efficiency. These are related to each other in the sense that the former requires error-correction which in turn requires energy, consuming battery life in an environment where battery replacement and recharging are difficult. This chapter thus addresses the energy efficiency of three suitable error correction methods for UWSNs, namely Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Network Coding (NC). The performance of the schemes as a function of transmission distance is determined for various packet sizes by using models of attenuation and noise that represent the underwater environment. ARQ offers the lowest efficiency and NC the highest but there is a distance at which FEC becomes the best option rather than NC suggesting a hybrid FEC/NC method.

scholarly journals Localization Free Energy Efficient and Cooperative Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Shah ◽  
Anwar Khan ◽  
Ihsan Ali ◽  
Kwang-Man Ko ◽  
Hasan Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Cooperative Routing

Mitigation of channel unfavorable circumstances during data routing in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) has utmost significance. It guarantees saving packet corruption along unfavorable channels so that vital data is not lost or become meaningless. This paper proposes two routing protocols for UWSNs: localization free energy efficient routing (LFEER) and its improved version, localization free energy efficient cooperative routing (Co-LFEER). The LFEER makes decision of choosing a relay based on its maximum residual energy, number of hops and the bit error rate of the link over which packets are transmitted. These metrics are chosen to save packets from corruption to the maximum limit and maintain stable paths (where nodes do not die soon). Since a single link is used in the LFEER for packets forwarding, the link may become worse with changing circumstances of the channel. To deal with this issue, cooperative routing is added to the LFFER to construct the Co-LFEER protocol, in which some copies of packets are received by destination to decide about packets quality. Converse to some prevalent protocols, both LFEER and Co-LFEER are independent of knowing the sensor nodes’ positions, which increases computational complexity and wasteful utilization of resources. Based on extensive simulations, the proposed schemes are better than Co-DBR in reducing energy utilization and advancing packets to the desired destination.

scholarly journals Cooperative, reliable, and stability-aware routing for underwater wireless sensor networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 155014771985424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munsif Ali ◽  
Anwar Khan ◽  
Hasan Mahmood ◽  
Naeeem Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Depth Sensor ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Cooperative Routing ◽  
Channel Effects

In underwater wireless sensor networks, stability and reliability of the network are of paramount importance. Stability of the network ensures persistent operation of the network that, in consequence, avoids data loss when nodes consume all the battery power and subject to death. Particularly, nodes bearing a low pressure of water die early in the usual routing approach due to being preferred choices for data routing. Reliability ensures minimization of the adverse channel effects on data packets so that the desired information is easily extracted from these packets. This article proposes two routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks: reliable and stability-aware routing and cooperative reliable and stability-aware routing. In reliable and stability-aware routing, energy assignment to a node is made on the basis of its depth. Sensor nodes having the lowest depth are assigned the highest amount of energy. This energy assignment is called the energy grade of a node and five energy grades are formed in the proposed network from top to bottom. The energy grade along with energy residing in a node battery and its depth decide its selection as a forwarder node. The reliable and stability-aware routing uses only a single link to forward packets. Such a link may not be reliable always. To overcome this issue, the cooperative reliable and stability-aware routing is proposed which introduces cooperative routing to reliable and stability-aware routing. Cooperative routing involves the reception of multiple copies of data symbols by destination. This minimizes the adverse channel effects on data packets and makes the information extraction convenient and less cumbersome at the final destination. Unlike the conventional approach, the proposed schemes do not take into account the coordinates of nodes for defining the routing trajectories, which is challenging in underwater medium. Simulation results reveal a better behavior of the proposed protocols than some competitive schemes in terms of providing stability to the network, packet transfer to the ultimate destination, and latency.

scholarly journals Void-hole aware and reliable data forwarding strategy for underwater wireless sensor networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 564-577
Author(s):  
Omar Adil Mahdi ◽  
Ahmed Basil Ghazi ◽  
Yusor Rafid Bahar Al-Mayouf
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Sink Node ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Forwarding ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Forwarding Strategy

Abstract Reliable data transfer and energy efficiency are the essential considerations for network performance in resource-constrained underwater environments. One of the efficient approaches for data routing in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is clustering, in which the data packets are transferred from sensor nodes to the cluster head (CH). Data packets are then forwarded to a sink node in a single or multiple hops manners, which can possibly increase energy depletion of the CH as compared to other nodes. While several mechanisms have been proposed for cluster formation and CH selection to ensure efficient delivery of data packets, less attention has been given to massive data communication processes with sink node. As such, failure in communicating nodes would lead to a significant network void-holes problem. Considering the limited energy resources of nodes in UWSNs along with the heavy load of CHs in the routing process, this paper proposes a void-holes aware and reliable data forwarding strategy (VHARD-FS) in a proactive mode to control data packets delivery from CH nodes to the sink in UWSNs. In the proposed strategy, each CH node is aware of its neighbor’s performance ranking index to conduct a reliable packet transmission to the sink via the most energy-efficient route. Extensive simulation results indicate that the VHARD-FS outperforms existing routing approaches while comparing energy efficiency and network throughput. This study helps to effectively alleviate the resource limitations associated with UWSNs by extending network life and increasing service availability even in a harsh underwater environment.

scholarly journals Cooperative Routing for Energy Efficient Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE Access ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 141888-141899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aqeb Yahya ◽  
Saif Ul Islam ◽  
Maryam Zahid ◽  
Ghufran Ahmed ◽  
Mohsin Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Cooperative Routing
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