Scope of detectability of circulating antigens of human lymphatic filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti with smaller amount of serum by Og4C3 assay: its application in lymphatic filariasis elimination programme

K. Athisaya Mary; K. Krishnamoorthy; S. L. Hoti

doi:10.1007/s12639-015-0671-3

Lymphatic filariasis in man: demonstration of circulating antigens in Wuchereria bancrofti infection

Parasite Immunology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-3024.1984.tb00806.x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 341-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

A. DASGUPTA ◽

SHUKAL BALA ◽

S.N. DUTTA

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Circulating Antigens

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Setaria digitata in advancing our knowledge of human lymphatic filariasis

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x15000309 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 129-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A.N.I. Perumal ◽

Y.I.N.S. Gunawardene ◽

R.S. Dassanayake

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Model Organism ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Filarial Parasite ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Setaria Digitata ◽

Close Resemblance ◽

The Tropics ◽

Control And Eradication

AbstractSetaria digitata is a filarial parasite that causes fatal cerebrospinal nematodiasis in goats, sheep and horses, resulting in substantial economic losses in animal husbandry in the tropics. Due to its close resemblance to Wuchereria bancrofti, this nematode is also frequently used as a model organism to study human lymphatic filariasis. This review highlights numerous insights into the morphological, histological, biochemical, immunological and genetic aspects of S. digitata that have broadened our understanding towards the control and eradication of filarial diseases.

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Progress towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the Americas region

International Health ◽

10.1093/inthealth/ihaa048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S33-S38

Author(s):

Gilberto Fontes ◽

Eliana Maria Mauricio da Rocha ◽

Ronaldo Guilherme Carvalho Scholte ◽

Rubén Santiago Nicholls

Keyword(s):

Dominican Republic ◽

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

World Health ◽

Vector Species ◽

Effective Coverage ◽

The Third ◽

Assessment Survey ◽

Health Organization ◽

Important Progress

Abstract In South and Central America, lymphatic filariasis (LF) is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, which is transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus, the only vector species in this region. Of the seven countries considered endemic for LF in the Americas in the last decade, Costa Rica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago were removed from the World Health Organization list in 2011. The remaining countries, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Guyana and Haiti, have achieved important progress in recent years. Brazil was the first country in the Americas to stop mass drug administration (MDA) and to establish post-MDA surveillance. Dominican Republic stopped MDA in all LF-endemic foci: La Ciénaga and Southwest passed the third Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) and the Eastern focus passed TAS-1 in 2018. Haiti passed the TAS and interrupted transmission in >80% of endemic communes, achieving effective drug coverage. Guyana implemented effective coverage in MDAs in 2017 and 2018 and in 2019 scaled up the treatment for 100% of the geographical region, introducing ivermectin in the MDA in order to achieve LF elimination by the year 2026. The Americas region is on its way to eliminating LF transmission. However, efforts should be made to improve morbidity management to prevent disability of the already affected populations.

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Semiannual Treatment of Albendazole Alone is Efficacious for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis: A Randomized Open-label Trial in Cote d'Ivoire

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciab194 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Allassane F Ouattara ◽

Catherine M Bjerum ◽

Méité Aboulaye ◽

Olivier Kouadio ◽

Vanga K Marius ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Central Africa ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Bancroftian Filariasis ◽

Loa Loa ◽

Open Label ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Open Label Trial ◽

To Receive

Abstract Background Ivermectin (IVM) plus albendazole (ALB), or IA, is widely used in mass drug administration (MDA) programs that aim to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Africa. However, IVM can cause severe adverse events in persons with heavy Loa loa infections that are common in Central Africa. ALB is safe in loiasis, but more information is needed on its efficacy for LF. This study compared the efficacy and safety of three years of semiannual treatment with ALB to annual IA in persons with bancroftian filariasis. Methods Adults with Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia (Mf) were randomized to receive either three annual doses of IA (N=52), six semiannual doses of ALB 400mg (N=45), or six semiannual doses of ALB 800mg (N=47). The primary outcome amicrofilaremia at 36 months. Findings IA was more effective for completely clearing Mf than ALB 400mg or ALB 800mg (79%, CI 67-91; vs. 48%, CI 32-66 and 57%, CI 41-73, respectively). Mean % reductions in Mf counts at 36 months relative to baseline tended to be greater after IA (98%, CI 88-100) than after ALB 400mg (88%, CI 78-98) and ALB 800mg (89%, CI 79-99) (P=0.07 and P=0.06, respectively). Adult worm nest numbers (assessed by ultrasound) were reduced in all treatment groups. Treatments were well tolerated. Interpretation Repeated semiannual treatment with ALB is macrofilaricidal for W. bancrofti and leads to sustained reductions in Mf counts. This is a safe and effective regimen that could be used as MDA to eliminate LF in areas ivermectin cannot be used.

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Lymphatic filariasis, infection status in Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of mass drug administration in Masasi District, Tanzania

Infectious Diseases of Poverty ◽

10.1186/s40249-021-00808-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eliza Lupenza ◽

Dinah B. Gasarasi ◽

Omary M. Minzi

Keyword(s):

Vector Control ◽

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Elimination Phase ◽

Anopheles Species ◽

The Status ◽

Household Environment ◽

Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination program in Tanzania started in 2000 in response to the Global program for the elimination of LF by 2020. Evidence shows a persistent LF transmission despite more than a decade of mass drug administration (MDA). It is advocated that, regular monitoring should be conducted in endemic areas to evaluate the progress towards elimination and detect resurgence of the disease timely. This study was therefore designed to assess the status of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Culex quinqefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of MDA in Masasi District, South Eastern Tanzania. Methods Mosquitoes were collected between June and July 2019 using Center for Diseases Control (CDC) light traps and gravid traps for indoor and outdoor respectively. The collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified into respective species. Dissections and PCR were carried out to detect W. bancrofti infection. Questionnaire survey and checklist were used to assess vector control interventions and household environment respectively. A Poisson regression model was run to determine the effects of household environment on filarial vector density. Results Overall, 12 452 mosquitoes were collected of which 10 545 (84.7%) were filarial vectors. Of these, Anopheles gambiae complex, An. funestus group and Cx. quinquefasciatus accounted for 0.1%, 0.7% and 99.2% respectively. A total of 365 pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus (each with 20 mosquitoes) and 46 individual samples of Anopheles species were analyzed by PCR. For Cx. quinquefasciatus pools, 33 were positive for W. bancrofti, giving an infection rate of 0.5%, while the 46 samples of Anopheles species were all negative. All 1859 dissected mosquitoes analyzed by microscopy were also negative. Households with modern latrines had less mosquitoes than those with pit latrines [odds ratio (OR) = 0.407, P < 0.05]. Houses with unscreened windows had more mosquitoes as compared to those with screened windows (OR = 2.125, P < 0.05). More than 80% of the participants own bednets while 16.5% had no protection. Conclusions LF low transmission is still ongoing in Masasi District after six rounds of MDA and vector control interventions. The findings also suggest that molecular tools may be essential for xenomonitoring LF transmission during elimination phase.

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An analysis of the safety of the single dose, two drug regimens used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000007423 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 121 (S1) ◽

pp. S147-S160 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

J. HORTON ◽

C. WITT ◽

E.A. OTTESEN ◽

J.K. LAZDINS ◽

D.G. ADDISS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

The Philippines ◽

Data Set ◽

Direct Observations ◽

National Public Health ◽

Total Data ◽

Drug Regimens ◽

At Risk Populations ◽

Health Programmes

This review of the safety of the co-administration regimens to be used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (albendazole+ivermectin or albendazole+diethylcarbamazine [DEC]) is based on 17 studies conducted in Sri Lanka, India, Haiti, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, Ecuador, the Philippines, Gabon, Papua New Guinea, and Bangladesh. The total data set comprises 90635 subject exposures and includes individuals of all ages and both genders. Results are presented for hospital-based studies, laboratory studies, active surveillance of microfilaria-positive and microfilaria-negative individuals, and passive monitoring in both community-based studies and mass treatment programmes of individuals treated with albendazole (n=1538), ivermectin (9822), DEC (576), albendazole+ivermectin (7470), albendazole+DEC (69020), or placebo (1144). The most rigorous monitoring, which includes haematological and biochemical laboratory parameters pre- and post-treatment, provides no evidence that consistent changes are induced by any treatment; the majority of abnormalities appear to be sporadic, and the addition of albendazole to either ivermectin or DEC does not increase the frequency of abnormalities. Both DEC and ivermectin show, as expected, an adverse event profile compatible with the destruction of microfilariae. The addition of albendazole to either single-drug treatment regimen does not appear to increase the frequency or intensity of events seen with these microfilaricidal drugs when used alone. Direct observations indicated that the level of adverse events, both frequency and intensity, was correlated with the level of microfilaraemia. In non microfilaraemic individuals, who form 80–90% of the ‘at risk’ populations to be treated in most national public health programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF), the event profile with the compounds alone or in combination does not differ significantly from that of placebo. Data on the use of ivermectin+albendazole in areas either of double infection (onchocerciasis and LF), or of loiais (with or without concurrent LF) are still inadequate and further studies are needed. Additional data are also recommended for populations infected with Brugia malayi, since most data thus far derive from populations infected with Wuchereria bancrofti.

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An assessment of mosquito collection techniques for xenomonitoring of anopheline-transmitted Lymphatic Filariasis in Ghana

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182018000938 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 145 (13) ◽

pp. 1783-1791 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Millicent Opoku ◽

Corrado Minetti ◽

Worlasi D. Kartey-Attipoe ◽

Sampson Otoo ◽

Joseph Otchere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Close Contact ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Northern Region ◽

Trapping Efficiency ◽

Mosquito Collection ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Specific Species ◽

High Degree ◽

Collection Methods

AbstractMonitoring vectors is relevant to ascertain transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF). This may require the best sampling method that can capture high numbers of specific species to give indication of transmission. Gravid anophelines are good indicators for assessing transmission due to close contact with humans through blood meals. This study compared the efficiency of an Anopheles gravid trap (AGT) with other mosquito collection methods including the box and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention gravid, light, exit and BioGent-sentinel traps, indoor resting collection (IRC) and pyrethrum spray catches across two endemic regions of Ghana. The AGT showed high trapping efficiency by collecting the highest mean number of anophelines per night in the Western (4.6) and Northern (7.3) regions compared with the outdoor collection methods. Additionally, IRC was similarly efficient in the Northern region (8.9) where vectors exhibit a high degree of endophily. AGT also showed good trapping potential for collecting Anopheles melas which is usually difficult to catch with existing methods. Screening of mosquitoes for infection showed a 0.80–3.01% Wuchereria bancrofti and 2.15–3.27% Plasmodium spp. in Anopheles gambiae. The AGT has shown to be appropriate for surveying Anopheles populations and can be useful for xenomonitoring for both LF and malaria.

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Il programma di eliminazione della filariasi linfatica in Bangladesh: un modello esportabile? / The lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in Bangladesh: an exportable model?

Medicina e Morale ◽

10.4081/mem.2017.503 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 495-511

Author(s):

Elena Mancini

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

International Health ◽

Poverty Line ◽

Family Welfare ◽

Public Healthcare ◽

Neglected Diseases ◽

Ministry Of Health ◽

Community Clinic ◽

Endemic Diseases ◽

Elimination Programme

Nel 1971, al termine della sanguinosissima guerra di separazione dal Pakistan, il Bangladesh appariva un paese senza speranza. L’elevatissima crescita demografica -una delle maggiori al mondo- le calamità naturali quali alluvioni e tifoni, la povertà grave e diffusa - con una percentuale di popolazione sotto la soglia di povertà intorno al 30% - la situazione politica interna, con instabilità sociale e latenti conflitti etnici, rendevano il pronostico più che verosimile. A distanza di 40 anni, il BGD è riuscito a smentire in gran parte tale previsione, conseguendo successi nello sviluppo economico, nella salute pubblica e nella trasformazione sociale. Il controllo del tasso di fertilità, la lotta a “big killer” quali la TBC e la diarrea infantile, il miglioramento delle condizioni igieniche e la realizzazione di presidi sanitari territoriali di prima assistenza (community-clinic), efficaci campagne sanitarie, il contrasto di malattie endemiche, sono stati ottenuti grazie all’impiego coordinato delle misure sanitarie dei programmi internazionali. Risultati, questi, conseguiti attraverso una politica sanitaria basata su una proficua collaborazione tra il Ministero della salute nazionale (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), ONG, organismi sanitari internazionali, istituzioni e fondazioni internazionali. Il BGD ha così conseguito il traguardo della pressoché totale eliminazione delle malattie neglette endemiche nel paese (leishmaniosi viscerale, filariasi linfatica, dengue, lebbra, parassitosi intestinali – infezioni da elminti). L’articolo valuta i fattori che hanno caratterizzato il successo nel programma di eliminazione della filariasi linfatica. Dall’analisi di tali fattori è derivato un possibile modello di governance per la lotta alle malattie neglette in regioni endemiche comparabili sotto il profilo geo-politico. ---------- In 1971, at the end of the bloodstained separation war with Pakistan, Bangladesh appeared as a country without hope. The intense population growth – one of the highest in the world – natural disasters such as flooding and typhoons, acute and diffuse poverty – with a percentage of population below poverty line of 30% – the internal political scenario, with social instability and underlying ethnical conflicts – made this situation less likely to improve. 40 years later, Bangladesh succeeded in disproving such prevision, with a significant growth in economic development, public healthcare and social conditions. Birth control, countermeasures against “big killers” such as tuberculosis and diarrhea in babies, improvement of hygienic conditions and the implementation of local emergency units (community-clinic), effective sanitary campaigns and prevention of endemic diseases have been accomplished thanks to the coordinated use of sanitary measures in international programmes. Results obtained through a sanitary policy based on fruitful collaborations among the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, NGOs, international health organizations, international institutions and foundations. This way Bangladesh achieved the result of an almost total elimination of neglected endemic disease in the country (visceral leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, dengue, plague, intestinal parasitosys – helminth infections). The article analyses the factors contributing to the success of the Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme. The study of such factors permitted to identify a governance model for fighting neglected diseases in endemic regions with similar geo-political environments.

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