scholarly journals Lymphatic filariasis, infection status in Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of mass drug administration in Masasi District, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliza Lupenza ◽  
Dinah B. Gasarasi ◽  
Omary M. Minzi
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Elimination Phase ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
Household Environment ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination program in Tanzania started in 2000 in response to the Global program for the elimination of LF by 2020. Evidence shows a persistent LF transmission despite more than a decade of mass drug administration (MDA). It is advocated that, regular monitoring should be conducted in endemic areas to evaluate the progress towards elimination and detect resurgence of the disease timely. This study was therefore designed to assess the status of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Culex quinqefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of MDA in Masasi District, South Eastern Tanzania. Methods Mosquitoes were collected between June and July 2019 using Center for Diseases Control (CDC) light traps and gravid traps for indoor and outdoor respectively. The collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified into respective species. Dissections and PCR were carried out to detect W. bancrofti infection. Questionnaire survey and checklist were used to assess vector control interventions and household environment respectively. A Poisson regression model was run to determine the effects of household environment on filarial vector density. Results Overall, 12 452 mosquitoes were collected of which 10 545 (84.7%) were filarial vectors. Of these, Anopheles gambiae complex, An. funestus group and Cx. quinquefasciatus accounted for 0.1%, 0.7% and 99.2% respectively. A total of 365 pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus (each with 20 mosquitoes) and 46 individual samples of Anopheles species were analyzed by PCR. For Cx. quinquefasciatus pools, 33 were positive for W. bancrofti, giving an infection rate of 0.5%, while the 46 samples of Anopheles species were all negative. All 1859 dissected mosquitoes analyzed by microscopy were also negative. Households with modern latrines had less mosquitoes than those with pit latrines [odds ratio (OR) = 0.407, P < 0.05]. Houses with unscreened windows had more mosquitoes as compared to those with screened windows (OR = 2.125, P < 0.05). More than 80% of the participants own bednets while 16.5% had no protection. Conclusions LF low transmission is still ongoing in Masasi District after six rounds of MDA and vector control interventions. The findings also suggest that molecular tools may be essential for xenomonitoring LF transmission during elimination phase.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic analysis ofWuchereria bancroftiin human blood samples from Malindi and Tana River Delta, endemic regions in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinyatta Nancy ◽  
Wambua Lillian ◽  
Mutahi Wilkinson ◽  
Mugasa Claire ◽  
Kamau Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Tana River ◽  
Human Blood Samples ◽  
Tajima’S D

AbstractIntroductionLymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease caused by filarial worms;Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia MalayiandB. Timori. It is earmarked for elimination by the year 2020 through the Global Program for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). In Kenya, mass treatment has been ongoing since the year 2002 though it has not been consistent as recommended by World health organization (WHO). Taking this into account, the emergence ofW. bancroftiresistance strains against the current choice of drugs cannot be ruled out. Information on genetic structure and variations is important in assessment of Program’s success. Data on genetic characterization ofW. bancroftiin Kenya is lacking. This study, therefore reports the first genetic diversity of W.bancroftiin two Kenyan endemic regions.MethodologyGenomic DNA was extracted from 100 human blood samples obtained from Mpirani district in Malindi and Kipini district in Tana River Delta. They were then amplified by PCR and detected through gel electrophoresis. Seventeen PCR products positive forWuchereriaPCRbancroftiwere purified and then DNA quantified for Sanger sequencing. Chromas version 2.6.5 and BioEdit softwares were used for sequence alignment and editing. Fourteen sequences were selected for analysis by MEGA7 and six more related sequences retrieved from the Gene Bank for further analysis with the study sequences. Intrapopulation, interpopulation diversity and pair wise distance were determined and the phylogenetic trees constructed. Tajima’s D-test of neutrality was also determined and Statistical evolutionary rate was done using Chi-square (X2) test.Results and DiscussionThe mean diversity of Malindi and Tana River Delta isolates was 1.42 and the overall mean distance was 0.99. Tajima’s (D) test for test of Neutrality was 4.149 and nucleotide diversity(π) was 0.603. These results revealed high genetic variations ofW. bancroftiin Kenyan endemic regions. This variation could be attributed to prolonged use of the mass drug administration (MDA) and the long period of parasite circulation in these populations.Author SummaryElephantiasis is a disabling disease that causes severe swellings to the affected limbs. It is caused by parasites ofWuchereria bancrofti, Brugia TimoriandB. malayiwhich are transmitted by mosquito vectors. The disease is under the control by the Global Programme to eliminate filariasis and due to the effect of continued treatment through mass drug administration there have been changes in the genetic makeup of the parasite. This may result to resistant strains which may have negative impact on the treatment interventions. We therefore aimed at characterizing the genetic sequences of theWuchereria bancroftiparasite found in Kenya. Through analyzing parasites obtained in different years after treatment, we were able to track any genetic variations since the start of mass drug administration in Kenya. These variations would be due to the effect of drug pressure, human population movements or mosquito vector movement. This kind of study is important for drug developments and for evaluating the progress of the control programmes.

Current WHO protocols for mass drug administration in helminth control

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Richard S Bradbury ◽  
Patricia M Graves
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Criteria

Soil transmitted helminths (STH), comprising Ascaris, Trichuris, Strongyloides and the hookworms remain a significant cause of morbidity amongst people in many parts of the world, including Australia. Other important helminth infections include lymphatic filariasis (LF), schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis. Preventive chemotherapy (mass drug administration [MDA]) campaigns are frequently conducted for these helminth infections in endemic areas, but the target population groups, duration of campaigns, cointerventions (e.g. vector control) criteria for inclusion, drugs used and doses of drugs differ.

scholarly journals Rapid Wuchereria bancrofti-Specific Antigen Wb123-Based IgG4 Immunoassays as Tools for Surveillance following Mass Drug Administration Programs on Lymphatic Filariasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Steel ◽  
Allison Golden ◽  
Joseph Kubofcik ◽  
Nicole LaRue ◽  
Tala de los Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Highly Sensitive

ABSTRACTThe Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis has an urgent need for rapid assays to detect ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) following multiple rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). Current WHO guidelines support using the antigen card immunochromatographic test (ICT), which detects active filarial infection but does not detect early exposure to LF. Recent studies found that antibody-based assays better serve this function. In the present study, two tests, a rapid IgG4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lateral-flow strip immunoassay, were developed based on the highly sensitive and specificWuchereria bancroftiantigen Wb123. A comparison ofW. bancrofti-infected and -uninfected patients (with or without other helminth infections) demonstrated that both tests had high sensitivities and specificities (93 and 97% [ELISA] and 92 and 96% [strips], respectively). When theW. bancrofti-uninfected group was separated into those with other filarial/helminth infections (i.e., onchocerciasis, loiasis, and strongyloidiasis) and those who were parasite uninfected, the specificities of the assays varied between 91 and 100%. In addition, the geometric mean response by ELISA ofW. bancrofti-infected patients was significantly higher than the response of those withoutW. bancroftiinfection (P< 0.0001). Furthermore, the Wb123 ELISA and the lateral-flow strips had high positive and negative predictive values, giving valuable information on the size of survey population needed to be reasonably certain whether or not transmission is ongoing. These highly sensitive and specific IgG4 tests to theW. bancroftiWb123 protein give every indication that they will serve as useful tools for post-MDA monitoring.

scholarly journals Filariasis elimination in Egypt: impact of low micro-filaraemics as sources of infection for mosquitoes

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-872
Author(s):  
H. A. Farid ◽  
S. A. Kamal ◽  
G. J. Weil ◽  
F. K. Adham ◽  
R. M. R. Ramzy
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Vector Transmission ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
One Year

The elimination strategy for lymphatic filariasis aims at reducing blood microfilaraemia to levels at which vector transmission cannot be sustained. We aimed to determine whether patients with pre-treatment low or ultra-low microfilaria [MF] counts could be a reservoir of infection after mass drug administration [MDA] with a combined regimen. Laboratory-reared mosquitoes were fed on 30 volunteers after 2 rounds of MDA. Microfilaria uptake, infectivity rates and number of Wuchereria bancrofti L3 per mosquito were assessed. One year after MDA-1, 6 subjects transmitted MF, but up to 9 months after MDA-2 transmission failed. Six months after MDA-2 > 90% had clear MF smears and either failed to transmit MF or transmitted MF that did not develop to L3. We conclude that the transmission cycle is seriously weakened after MDA-2

scholarly journals A study to assess mass drug administration of DEC for filaria control in district Satna, Madhya Pradesh: a mid term assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Vivek Sharma ◽  
Vikrant Kabirpanthi
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem which is caused by Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malai. The disease is endemic in 250 districts in 20 states and UTs. In India national health policy 2002 envisages elimination of lymphatic filariasis by 2015. Important strategy for elimination of lymphatic filariasis is through annual mass drug administration of single dose of DEC for 5 year or more to the eligible population. Present cross sectional study was carried out to assess drug compliance after mass drug administration of DEC and the factors responsible for poor compliance among the population of Satna district of MP.Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study which was carried out in filarial endemic Satna district. In this district 120 houses from 3 CHC & one urban ward was randomly selected. 30 households each from 3 rural and one urban site were interviewed related to MDA for DEC.Results: Coverage of tablet distribution in Satna was 90.9%. Consumption of drug among the people who received the drug was 87.97%, while the total effective consumption was 79.9%. Drug distributors ensured consumption of drug in only 16.9%.Conclusions: Focus of MDA is primarily to mere distribution of drug. There is need to give emphasis on consumption of drug, health education, common side effects and its management in order to increase effective coverage rate. 

Non-compliance to Mass Drug Administration Associated with the Low Perception of the Community Members About their Susceptibility to Lymphatic Filariasis in Ankobra, Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Ilo Dicko ◽  
Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly ◽  
Modibo Sangaré ◽  
Bismark Sarfo ◽  
Priscillia Awo Nortey
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Improve Compliance ◽  
Degree Of Association

Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic disease that has been targeted for elimination through the Mass Drug Administration (MDA.) Although the MDA started in the Ankobra community in Ghana in 2000, LF prevalence as reported in 2014 was relatively high (4.5%). Non-compliance to the MDA has been associated with the persistent LF prevalence in endemic regions. Objective: This study determined the factors associated with the non-compliance to the MDA among patients living in the Ankobra community, Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a one-stage cluster sampling method was used to collect data between June and July, 2017 in Ankobra. Questionnaires were used to collect data from health workers, the MDA drug distributors and study participants in Ankobra. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14. Logistic regression was used to measure the degree of association between the dependent (non-compliance) and independent variables. Non-compliance rate was defined as the percentage of individuals who self-reported that they did not actually swallow the drugs provided during the MDA. Results: The MDA coverage and non-compliance rates were 73.5% (147/200) and 33.33% (49/147) respectively. The main reason for non-compliance was fear of drug adverse events (75.51%, 37/49). Thought of “not being susceptible to LF” was significantly associated with the non-compliance (aOR= 2.83, [CI= 1.15, 6.98]). Conclusion: Health education about the susceptibility of residents getting LF disease in endemic community must be intensified to improve compliance to MDA medication ingestion and thus meet the Global Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis by 2020.

scholarly journals Evaluating context-specific evidence-based quality improvement intervention on lymphatic filariasis mass drug administration in Northern Ghana using the RE-AIM framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Kwesi Manyeh ◽  
Tobias Chirwa ◽  
Rohit Ramaswamy ◽  
Frank Baiden ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Needs Assessment ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Quality Improvement Intervention ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Improvement Intervention

Abstract Background Over a decade of implementing a global strategy to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Ghana through mass drug administration, the disease is still being transmitted in 11 districts out of an initial 98 endemic districts identified in 2000. A context-specific evidence-based quality improvement intervention was implemented in the Bole District of Northern Ghana after an initial needs assessment to improve the lymphatic filariasis mass drug administration towards eliminating the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the process and impact of the lymphatic filariasis context-specific evidence-based quality improvement intervention in the Bole District of Northern Ghana. Method A cross-sectional mixed methods study using the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework to evaluate the context-specific evidence-based quality improvement intervention was employed. Quantitative secondary data was extracted from the neglected tropical diseases database. A community survey was conducted with 446 randomly selected participants. Qualitative data were collected from 42 purposively selected health workers, chiefs/opinion leaders and community drug distributors in the study area. Results The evaluation findings showed an improvement in social mobilisation and sensitisation, knowledge about lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration process, willingness to ingest the medication and adherence to the direct observation treatment strategy. We observed an increase in coverage ranging from 0.1 to 12.3% after implementing the intervention at the sub-district level and reducing self-reported adverse drug reaction. The level of reach, effectiveness and adoption at the district, sub-district and individual participants’ level suggest that the context-specific evidence-based quality improvement intervention is feasible to implement in lymphatic filariasis hotspot districts based on initial context-specific needs assessment. Conclusion The study provided the groundwork for future application of the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the implementation of context-specific evidence-based quality improvement intervention to improve lymphatic filariasis mass drug administration towards eliminating the disease as a public health problem.

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