Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been widely used in civil engineering applications including active and passive control of structures, sensors and actuators and strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures owing to unique features such as the shape memory effect and pseudo-elasticity. Iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMAs) have become popular in recent years. Use of iron-based SMAs for strengthening RC structures has received attention in the recent decade due to the advantages it presents, that is, no ducts or anchor heads are required, friction losses do not occur and no space is needed for a hydraulic device to exert force. Accordingly, Fe-SMAs embedded in a shotcrete layer have been used for pre-stressing RC beams at Empa. The aim of this study is to present an approach to model and analyze the behavior of RC members strengthened and pre-stressed with Fe-SMA rebars embedded in a shotcrete layer. The lack of research on developing finite element models for studying the behavior of concrete structures strengthened by iron-based shape memory alloys is addressed. Three-dimensional finite element models were developed in the commercial finite element code ABAQUS, using the concrete damaged plasticity model to predict the studied beams’ load–displacement response. The results of the finite element analyses show a considerably good agreement with the experimental data in terms of the beams’ cracking load and ultimate load capacity. The effects of different strengthening parameters, including SMA rebar diameter, steel rebar diameter and pre-stressing force level on the beam behavior, were investigated based on the verified finite element models. The results were compared. The load-displacement response of an 18-m concrete girder strengthened and pre-stressed with iron-based SMA bars was examined by the developed finite element model as a case study.
Load-Displacement Response of Oil Palm Shell Concrete Compressive Test Using Digital Image Correlation
