Public Energy R&D Priorities in Small EU Member States: Evidence from Denmark, Austria and the Netherlands

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-218
Author(s):  
Lisa Scordato
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States

scholarly journals Language policy and language education in the Netherlands and Romania

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folkert Kuiken ◽  
Elisabeth van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States

The European Union encourages all its citizens to be able to speak two languages in addition to their mother tongue. However, since the content of educational systems is the responsibility of individual member states, promoting multilingualism depends on the language policy of each member state. Still, countries may learn from practices and experiences in other countries. The similarities and differences between two case studies may be instructive from that point of view. In this paper, language policy and language education in two EU member states are compared with each other: the Netherlands on the one hand and Romania on the other. Questions that will be raised are: what are the linguistic rights of the minority groups, which languages are taught to whom, and to which degree is multilingualism an issue in both countries? Despite differences between the two countries, some striking similarities are observed.

Fair and Appropriate? Compensation of Victims of Sexual Violence in EU Member States: Greece, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands and Spain. Part I: A Survey of State and Offender Compensation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nieke A. Elbers ◽  
Arno J. Akkermans ◽  
Helena Soleto Muñoz ◽  
Anna Fiodorova ◽  
Aurea Grané Chávez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EIA AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE: REFLECTING ON 25 YEARS OF EIA PRACTICE IN THE NETHERLANDS AND THE UK

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
pp. 1250025 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOS ARTS ◽  
HENS A. C. RUNHAAR ◽  
THOMAS B. FISCHER ◽  
URMILA JHA-THAKUR ◽  
FRANK VAN LAERHOVEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
The Uk

The European Union (EU) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive which was introduced some 25 years ago has had a major impact on decision-making practices in EU member states. In the professional literature, this impact has mostly been discussed under the heading of "effectiveness", with an emphasis being given in particular to procedural elements. The extent to which EIA has contributed to objectives, such as raising environmental awareness and leading to an incorporation of environmental values in decision-making has only been rarely investigated. This paper reflects on these latter two aspects of EIA effectiveness in two EU member states; the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Empirical evidence was compiled mainly on the basis of a comprehensive literature review and online surveys with EIA professionals in both countries. Our results indicate that overall the instrument is about equally effective in both countries with regards to the incorporation of environmental concerns in decision-making. As both countries have different governance mechanisms, further research is needed on why perceived effectiveness does not differ more.

Age Equality after the Employment Directive

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Meenan
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Life Course Approach ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu

This article examines the Employment Directive from the age perspective and endorses a life course approach to ageing. It explores the permitted exclusions on grounds of age and especially the exceptional justification for direct age discrimination, contained in Article 6. In the end, EU Member States may find it more difficult to successfully transpose Article 6 than they imagine. The article reveals special challenges for age and refers to age laws in Ireland and the USA, in particular. It also refers to preparations for transposition in a number of Member States, including the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Whether and to what extent age will ultimately receive the least protection of all the new grounds, remains to be seen and will depend largely on the individual approaches of the Member States. The ultimate consequence of the additional opportunities for excluding or justifying age discrimination may well be different protected areas throughout the EU.

scholarly journals PUBLIC ATTRIBUTION OF CYBERATACS BY EU MEMBER STATES AND THE APPLICATION OF CYBERSANCTIONS BY THE UNION TO CYBERATTACKS THREATENING THE UNION OR ITS MEMBER STATES

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-216
Author(s):  
O. O. Surilova
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

The article examines the issue of public attribution of cyberattacks threatening the European Union or its Member States, and effectiveness of the adopted «cyber diplomacy toolbox» within the Framework for a joint EU diplomatic response to malicious cyber activities. Since public attribution of cyberattacks is a sovereign political decision, which differs from legal attribution for the purpose of invoking state responsibility under Articles on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts, author defines the rationale behind decisions to attribute or not to attribute cyberattacks to a particular state by examples of the Netherlands and France. While the Netherlands insist on deterrent effect of public attribution, France believes in the effectiveness of attribution provided to the allege wrongdoer by diplomatic channels. In the article, the effectiveness of cybersanctions implemented at Union level against a limited range of cyberattacks threatening the Union or its Member States was also under assessment. Article concludes that imposition of targeted sanctions in conjunction with sectoral sanctions will increase sanctions` purposes to coerce, constrain, and to signal. However, nowadays only targeted sanctions against individuals and legal entities are foreseen by the EU`s decision. At the same time, this fact does not exclude the possible application of sectoral sanctions against the most serious cyberattacks against EU` or its member states` infrastructure. Finally, the article justifies the possibility of using attribution reports prepared by the private sector to include individuals in the sanctions list if the attribution of Member States is based on intelligence that they do not wish to disclose. Moreover, malicious cyberoperations affect not only states`, but also private sector`s, interests. Private IT and cybersecurity companies thus have a chance to prove their ability to produce detailed and reliable reports on attribution of cyberoperations. Author is convinced both centralized (governmental) and decentralized (private) attribution of cyberattacks is necessary for correctness of findings.

scholarly journals National approaches of EU Member States in concluding bilateral social security agreements with third countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-172
Author(s):  
Frans Pennings
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Member States ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Security Agreements

This article describes the history of policies for making bilateral agreements by the Netherlands, a country with considerable migration to and from over time and one of the founding states of the EEC. For this reason, the characteristics of the agreements made and the main developments over time can provide a mirror for discussion of the bilateral agreements of other Member States. The development of the reasons of making bilateral agreements are described and this makes it possible to distinguish several generations of agreements. It is contended that this is useful in describing the agreements made by other countries.

ECO-EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURE OF EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (4) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubica Bartová ◽  
Peter Fendel ◽  
Eva Matejková
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Distance Functions ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Member States ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Technological Improvement ◽  
European Union Member States

The objective of the paper is to estimate efficiency and eco-efficiency of agriculture in 24 EU Member States from 2006 to 2015. In the study, a panel of yearly aggregated data [Eurostat 2018] of the total value of agricultural goods output (AGO), labour (AWU), utilised agricultural area (UAA), fertilisers N, P, K (NPK) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of agriculture of selected EU Member States were used. The directional distance functions (DDF) approach both with and without undesirable output (GHG emission) were employed. Malmquist-Luenberger indices were applied to measure productivity changes and their decomposition to identify sources of these changes. GHG emission reduction per agricultural output in all EU MS was observed. Significant growth of GHG per UAA occurred especially in the OMS: The Netherlands, Austria, Germany, France, while an increase of GHG per UAA was less pronounced in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary (NMS). The highest efficiency and eco-efficiency in agricultural production over 2006-2015 was reached by the Netherlands and Denmark. The most inefficient and eco-inefficient agriculture was noted in the agriculture of Ireland and Finland (OMS). The highest inefficiency among NMS was detected in the agriculture of Lithuania, Poland and Latvia, while the most eco-inefficient were Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Improvement of productivity and eco-productivity due to technological improvement occurred in all 24 EU MS. Agricultural technical eco-efficiency fell in Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Portugal and Hungary.

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