scholarly journals Intention at the Interface

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Fridland
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Control Structure ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
Skilled Action ◽  
The Way

AbstractI identify and characterize the kind of personal-level control-structure that is most relevant for skilled action control, namely, what I call, “practical intention”. I differentiate between practical intentions and general intentions not in terms of their function or timing but in terms of their content. I also highlight a distinction between practical intentions and other control mechanisms that are required to explain skilled action. I’ll maintain that all intentions, general and practical, have the function specifying (and thus guiding according to those specifications), sustaining, and structuring action but that several functions that have been attributed to proximal intentions are actually implemented by other control mechanisms that are not themselves best identified as intentions. Specifically, I will claim that practical intentions do not initiate, monitor, specify or guide the fine-grained, online, kinematic aspects of action. Finally, I suggest that the way in which practical and general intentions should be differentiated is in terms of their content, where general intentions specify the overall goal, outcome, or end of an action as it is conceived of by the agent at a time, and practical intentions determine the means to that end. I conclude by providing empirical evidence to support this way of characterizing the intentions that “interface” with the mechanisms of motor control. Though this discussion has repercussions for action in general, I will limit my discussion to cases of skill.

Dual-Hierarchical Control Mechanism of Interpersonal Embodied Interactions in Cooperative Walking

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Muto ◽  
◽  
Yoshihiro Miyake ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motion Control ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Control Structure ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Entrainment Process ◽  
Motion Control Mechanism

Interpersonal embodied interactions play a significant role as emergent functions in human development and rehabilitation. However, a framework for applying embodied interactions to “human interface systems” to support such emergent functions has not yet been suggested because the details of the motorcontrol mechanism have not yet been clarified. In this study, the interpersonal cooperative walking motions of two humans, as an example of such a mechanism, have been replicated and their motor-control mechanisms analyzed. The results indicate that the hierarchical dynamics were derived from an interpersonal footstep entrainment process and an intrapersonal interaction of arm and footstep motions. We suggest that embodied interactions in cooperative walking are achieved by a dual-hierarchical control structure related to emergence of the phase-control function of interpersonal cooperative walking, based on an automatic control mechanism for interpersonal entrainment of footstep motions and an intrapersonal voluntary-motion-control mechanism.

Do Executive Motor-Control Mechanisms Regulate Monetary Choice and Gambling?

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Verbruggen ◽  
Rachel Adams ◽  
Chris Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms

scholarly journals Skill and strategic control

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Fridland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Sports Psychology ◽  
Mental Practice ◽  
Strategic Control ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThis paper provides an account of the strategic control involved in skilled action. When I discuss strategic control, I have in mind the practical goals, plans, and strategies that skilled agents use in order to specify, structure, and organize their skilled actions, which they have learned through practice. The idea is that skilled agents are better than novices not only at implementing the intentions that they have but also at forming the right intentions. More specifically, skilled agents are able formulate and modify, adjust and adapt their practical intentions in ways that are appropriate, effective, and flexible given their overall goals. Further, to specify the kind of action plans that are involved in strategic control, I’ll rely on empirical evidence concerning mental practice and mental imagery from sports psychology as well as evidence highlighting the systematic differences in the cognitive representations of skills between experts and non-experts. I’ll claim that, together, this evidence suggests that the intentions that structure skilled actions are practical and not theoretical, that is, that they are perceptual and motor and not abstract, amodal, or linguistic. Importantly, despite their grounded nature, these plans are still personal-level, deliberate, rational states. That is, the practical intentions used to specify and structure skilled actions are best conceived of as higher-order, motor-modal structures, which can be manipulated and used by the agent for the purpose of reasoning, deliberation, decision-making and, of course, the actual online structuring and organizing of action.

scholarly journals Oversized Area Indications on Bonus Packs Fail to Affect Consumers’ Transactional Decisions—More Experimental Evidence on the Mars Case

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Purnhagen ◽  
E. van Herpen ◽  
S. Kamps ◽  
F. Michetti
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Behavioural Research ◽  
Actual Choice ◽  
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive ◽  
Legal Sense ◽  
The Way

AbstractFindings from behavioural research are gaining increased interest in EU legislation, specifically in the area of unfair commercial practices. Prior research on the Mars case (Purnhagen and van Herpen 2017) has left open whether empirical evidence can provide an indication that this practice of using oversized indications of additional volume alters the transactional decision of consumers. This, however, is required to determine the “misleadingness” of such a practice in the legal sense as stipulated by the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29/EC. The current paper closes this gap by illustrating how behavioural research can inform legal interpretation. In particular, it extends the previous research in two important ways: first, by examining the actual choice that people make; and second, by investigating whether the effects remain present in a context where a comparison product is available. Yet, while supporting and extending the findings of the study from Purnhagen and van Herpen (2017) on deceptiveness, the current study could not produce empirical evidence of a clear influence on the transactional decision of consumers, in the way “UCPD” requires.

scholarly journals A Role for Conscious Accessibility in Skilled Action

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Brozzo
Keyword(s):  
Prima Facie ◽  
Skilled Action ◽  
The Way

AbstractSkilled sportsmen or musicians—more generally, skilled agents—often fill us with awe with the way they perform their actions. One question we may ask ourselves is whether they intended to perform some awe-inspiring aspects of their actions. This question becomes all the more pressing as it often turns out that these agents were not conscious of some of those aspects at the time of performance. As I shall argue, there are reasons for suspecting lack of conscious access to an aspect of one’s action to be incompatible with intending to perform that aspect of one’s action. Subsequently, though, I will also argue that, in some cases, the incompatibility is only prima facie, and can be dispelled by drawing the following distinction: that between aspects of one’s action that are merely temporarily not consciously accessed, versus aspects of one’s action that are permanently inaccessible to consciousness. I will thus remove an obstacle towards saying that skilled agents intended to perform certain aspects of their actions, despite lack of conscious access to those aspects at the time of performance.

Timelessness, Dementia and the Appeal to Practice: A Response to Swinton’s Rejoinder

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pastoral Care ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Theological Method ◽  
Philosophical Theology ◽  
Static Image ◽  
The Way

In this article, Wilko van Holten and Martin Walton continue the exchange with John Swinton regarding the understanding and usefulness of the “timelessness of God” (Swinton, 2016) in the context of dementia (see HSCC 8(1), “A Critical Appraisal of John Swinton’s Theology of Time and Memory” by van Holten and Walton, 2020, and “A Rejoinder to van Holten and Walton” by Swinton, 2020a). Both van Holten and Walton argue that Swinton’s restatement of God’s eternal presence in terms of unchangeableness comes with a serious theological price, namely, a static image of the divine. Swinton’s refusal to pay this price points to a tension in his thinking on this point. The authors adduce some empirical evidence to substantiate the claim that a timeless and immutable God is psycho-spiritually less appropriate in the context of pastoral care. For van Holten and Walton, their major concern is not with the intentions or conclusions at which Swinton arrives, but with the way in which he argues for those conclusions and expresses these intentions. In this exchange, practical and philosophical theology meet, and the authors explore some of the questions which are raised. These questions ultimately are concerned with theological method. A response to this article by Swinton will also be published in this issue of HSCC (see Swinton, 2022).

scholarly journals Lessons Learned in Fifteen Years of Evolution of the Linking and MoT Office of a R&D Public Center

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Luis Roberto Vega-González
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Technology Transfer Office ◽  
Management Of Technology ◽  
Time Standard ◽  
The Way

In this paper it is proposed that similarly with the evolution and maturation of any organization, the Linking and Management of Technology Office (L & MoT) of a public R&D Mexican Centre has been evolved and is in the way to be transformed into a Technology Transfer Office (TTO). Case of fifteen year evolution of the Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico L & MoT presents empirical evidence to identify the main phases and actions that have been driving this process along this time. Standard results obtained through the years using the L & MoT Management of Technology Model (MoT) are presented. Emphasis is placed in a final section with the lessons obtained from non-standard results coming from unsuccessful negotiations and failed link actions between the Center and some external organizations. Experience has shown that not all negotiations are successful but curiously, the best lessons for the personnel of a technology transfer office are probably derived from these problematic cases.

Entrepreneurship in the digital press: a semantic analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-431
Author(s):  
Myriam Martí-Sánchez ◽  
Desamparados Cervantes-Zacarés ◽  
Arturo Ortigosa-Blanch
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Innovation Ecosystem ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Way

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the media addresses entrepreneurship and to identify the attributes linked to this phenomenon. Design/methodology/approach The sample is defined in terms of a linguistic corpus comprised of content related to entrepreneurship drawn from the digital editions of the three most important Spanish economic newspapers for the period 2010–2017. Word association and co-occurrence analyses were carried out. Further, a non-supervised clustering process was used as the basis for a thematic analysis. Findings Correspondence between social and media patterns related to the entrepreneurship phenomenon is revealed by the results. It is shown how attributes such as “success”, “innovation”, “ecosystem” and “woman” appear as very relevant and are linked to different co-occurrence scenarios. Relevant thematic groups are also identified related to lexical associations such as innovation, digital economy and public policies linked to entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications It is important to emphasise that this study has identified and explored relationships between words, but not their evolution. Furthermore, conclusions cannot be drawn concerning whether there are differences in how each newspaper has dealt with entrepreneurship because of the way the corpus was constructed. Originality/value The study provides empirical evidence that helps to identify the way media approaches entrepreneurship. The authors carried out the analysis on the media contents and not on the perception of the public on the phenomenon.

scholarly journals Handedness results from complementary hemispheric dominance, not global hemispheric dominance: evidence from mechanically coupled bilateral movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 729-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Woytowicz ◽  
Kelly P. Westlake ◽  
Jill Whitall ◽  
Robert L. Sainburg
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Task Component ◽  
The Right

Two contrasting views of handedness can be described as 1) complementary dominance, in which each hemisphere is specialized for different aspects of motor control, and 2) global dominance, in which the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant arm is specialized for all aspects of motor control. The present study sought to determine which motor lateralization hypothesis best predicts motor performance during common bilateral task of stabilizing an object (e.g., bread) with one hand while applying forces to the object (e.g., slicing) using the other hand. We designed an experimental equivalent of this task, performed in a virtual environment with the unseen arms supported by frictionless air-sleds. The hands were connected by a spring, and the task was to maintain the position of one hand while moving the other hand to a target. Thus the reaching hand was required to take account of the spring load to make smooth and accurate trajectories, while the stabilizer hand was required to impede the spring load to keep a constant position. Right-handed subjects performed two task sessions (right-hand reach and left-hand stabilize; left-hand reach and right-hand stabilize) with the order of the sessions counterbalanced between groups. Our results indicate a hand by task-component interaction such that the right hand showed straighter reaching performance whereas the left hand showed more stable holding performance. These findings provide support for the complementary dominance hypothesis and suggest that the specializations of each cerebral hemisphere for impedance and dynamic control mechanisms are expressed during bilateral interactive tasks. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide evidence for interlimb differences in bilateral coordination of reaching and stabilizing functions, demonstrating an advantage for the dominant and nondominant arms for distinct features of control. These results provide the first evidence for complementary specializations of each limb-hemisphere system for different aspects of control within the context of a complementary bilateral task.

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