Chemical and structural changes of pretreated empty fruit bunch (EFB) in ionic liquid-cellulase compatible system for fermentability to bioethanol

The synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) generally uses isolated crude cellulose with alkaline or acid pretreatment followed by bleaching with sodium chlorite. In this study, the simple [BMIM][Cl] ionic liquid was used as a solvent in the pretreatment process before conduct the bleaching process with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to isolate cellulose from empty fruit bunch (EFB) for further synthesis of CMC. The isolated crude EFB cellulose obtained was converted to CMC by adding 30 wt.% NaOH and various concentrations of sodium monochloroacetic acid (SMCA) at 55 °C for 3 h. The effects of SMCA concentration on the degree of substitution (DS) and CMC yield were investigated. The physicochemical properties of the CMC products were characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Based on the results, CMC was demonstrated to be synthesized using ionic liquid pretreatment with H2O2 bleaching. Carboxymethyl cellulose synthesized in this study showed a high DS of 0.82. The CMC synthesized from EFB cellulose through ionic liquid pretreatment presented good chemical and physical properties as that reported in other studies.

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Understanding structural changes in the lignin of Eucalyptus urophylla during pretreatment with an ionic liquid-water mixture

Industrial Crops and Products ◽

10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.029 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 123 ◽

pp. 600-609 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yongchang Sun ◽

Bailiang Xue

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Liquid Water ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Water Mixture ◽

Eucalyptus Urophylla

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Temperature-dependent structural changes of [Bmim]FeCl4 magnetic ionic liquid characterized by an in-situ X-ray absorption fine structure

Chinese Chemical Letters ◽

10.1016/j.cclet.2019.05.028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 801-804

Author(s):

Fangling Jiang ◽

Hao Peng ◽

Cheng Li ◽

Haiying Fu ◽

Guozhong Wu

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Fine Structure ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

X Ray ◽

Absorption Fine ◽

Magnetic Ionic Liquid ◽

X Ray Absorption

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High yield of second-generation ethanol in an ionic Liquid-Cellulase integrated system for single-step processing of empty fruit bunch

Biofuels ◽

10.1080/17597269.2018.1542569 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amal A.M. Elgharbawy ◽

MD. Zahangir Alam ◽

Muhammad Moniruzzaman ◽

Nassereldeen Ahmad Kabbashi ◽

Parveen Jamal

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Second Generation ◽

Single Step ◽

Integrated System ◽

High Yield ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Second Generation Ethanol

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Dynamical Response of the Electric Double Layer Structure of the DEME-TFSI Ionic Liquid to Potential Changes Observed by Time-Resolved X-ray Reflectivity

Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie ◽

10.1515/zpch-2015-0669 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 230 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wolfgang Voegeli ◽

Etsuo Arakawa ◽

Tadashi Matsushita ◽

Osami Sakata ◽

Yusuke Wakabayashi

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Double Layer ◽

Time Scale ◽

Electric Double Layer ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Layer Structure ◽

Dynamical Response ◽

Relaxation Processes ◽

Time Resolved ◽

X Ray

AbstractThe interface between the N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (DEME-TFSI) ionic liquid and a gold (111) surface was investigated with time-resolved X-ray reflectivity in order to clarify the dynamics of structural changes of the electric double layer after changing the electrode potential. In the experiment, the potential was switched repeatedly between +1.5 V and −1.5 V every 2 s or every 0.3 s, while measuring the specular X-ray reflectivity. When the potential was switched every 2 s, the time dependence of the reflectivity was different from that of the accumulated charge. This indicates structural relaxation processes that occur on a slower time scale than the acummulation of the charge at the electric double layer.When the potential was switched every 0.3 s, on the other hand, the reflectivity changes followed the evolution of the charge of the electric double layer within the experimental precision, indicating that slow relaxation processes without charge transfer do not contribute significantly to structural changes at this time scale.

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Biomaterials Availability: Potential for Bioethanol Production

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.701.243 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 701 ◽

pp. 243-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Intan Suhada Azmi ◽

Amizon Azizan ◽

Ruzitah Mohd Salleh ◽

Rafidah Jalil ◽

Tengku Elida Tengku Zainal Mulok ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Green Technology ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Urban Waste ◽

Environmental Friendly ◽

Acidic Conditions ◽

The Moment

Over the last decade, there has been increasing research interest in the value of biosourced materials from lignocellulosic biomass. Abundant sources of lignocellulosic biomass such as palm,napiergrass,luceanatree, urban waste, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste and other waste have the potential to become a sustainable source of biofuel. In Malaysia, dissolution of cellulose from palm biomass to produce ethanol as future biofuels is very promising since palm residues from palm industry are highly abundant. In addition, cellulose contents in palm wastes or residues are relatively high for instance from empty fruit bunch or palm trunk. An efficient pretreatment is highly required prior to processes which convert the lignocellulosic palm biomass to bioethanol. The kinds of processes needed nowadays are called as green technology based techniques which are environmental friendly. Various solvents have been applied to dissolve cellulose including various types of ionic liquid as well. Previously, other method such as acid hydrolysis pretreatment process cause many drawbacks due to their low rates of hydrolysis and extreme acidic conditions. The dissolution process of the lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids is at its better advantage due to better dissolution as compared to by using organic or inorganic solvents. Therefore, at the moment, ionic liquid is becoming more preferable in dissolving the lignocellulosic biomass or any palm residues for instance.

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Catalytic Performance of Sulfonated Carbon Catalysts for Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch

Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi ◽

10.14710/jksa.23.6.209-215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 209-215

Author(s):

Anis Kristiani ◽

Kiky Corneliasari Sembiring ◽

Yosi Aristiawan ◽

Fauzan Aulia ◽

Luthfiana Nurul Hidayati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Ambient Pressure ◽

Raw Material ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Fermentable Sugar ◽

Carbon Catalysts ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Utilizing lignocellulosic biomass into valuable products, such as chemicals and fuels, has attracted global interest. One of lignocellulosic biomass, palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB), has major content of cellulose (30-40%), which is highly potential to be a raw material for fermentable sugar production. In this research, a series of sulfonated carbon catalysts with various concentrations of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 10-30 v/v%) solutions have been successfully prepared and applied for a single stage of heterogeneous acid-catalyzed hydrolysis over microcrystalline cellulose and EFB under moderate temperature condition and ambient pressure. The catalysts’ physical and chemical properties were characterized by using a Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA), X-ray diffractometer, surface area analyzer, and Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer. The characterization results showed that sulfonated carbon had relatively similar physical properties with the parent of active carbon. The hydrolysis activity of sulfonated carbon catalysts gave various Total Reducing Sugar (TRS). The effects of sulfate loading amount in catalyst samples and various ionic liquids were investigated. The hydrolysis of pure microcrystalline cellulose powder (Avicel) using 30%-sulfonated carbon (30-SC) catalyst in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) ionic liquid at 150°C yielded the highest TRS of 16.11%. Subsequently, the catalyst of 30-SC was also tested for hydrolysis of EFB and produced the highest TRS of 40.76% in [BMIM]Cl ionic liquid at 150°C for 4 h. The obtained results highlight the potential of sulfonated carbon catalysts for hydrolysis of EFB into fermentable sugar as an intermediate product for ethanol production.

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