Investigating the Effect of Blood Sample Volume in the Chandler Loop Model: Theoretical and Experimental Analysis

Extended use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) systems is often hampered by thrombus formation and infection. Part of these problems relates to imperfect hemocompatibility of the CPB circuitry. The engineering of biomaterial surfaces with genuine long-term hemocompatibility is essentially virgin territory in biomaterials science. For example, most experiments with the well-known Chandler loop model, for evaluation of blood-biomaterial interactions under flow, have been described for a maximum duration of 2 hours only. This study reports a systematic evaluation of two commercial CPB tubings, each with a hemocompatible coating, and one uncoated control. The experiments comprised (i) testing over 5 hours under flow, with human whole blood from 4 different donors; (ii) measurement of essential blood parameters of hemocompatibility; (iii) analysis of the luminal surfaces by scanning electron microscopy and thrombin generation time measurements. The dataset indicated differences in hemocompatibility of the tubings. Furthermore, it appeared that discrimination between biomaterial coatings can be made only after several hours of blood-biomaterial contact. Platelet counting, myeloperoxidase quantification, and scanning electron microscopy proved to be the most useful methods. These findings are believed to be relevant with respect to the bioengineering of extracorporeal devices that should function in contact with blood for extended time.

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Sequential V˙a/Q˙ distributions in the normal rabbit by micropore membrane inlet mass spectrometry

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1699 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 1699-1708 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

James E. Baumgardner ◽

In-Cheol Choi ◽

Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf ◽

H. Frederick Frasch ◽

Gordon R. Neufeld ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Sample ◽

Mass Spectrometer ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Inert Gases ◽

Inert Gas ◽

Total Blood ◽

Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Partial Pressures ◽

Regression Techniques

We developed micropore membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MMIMS) probes to rapidly measure inert-gas partial pressures in small blood samples. The mass spectrometer output was linearly related to inert-gas partial pressure ( r 2 of 0.996–1.000) and was nearly independent of large variations in inert-gas solubility in liquid samples. We infused six inert gases into five pentobarbital-anesthetized New Zealand rabbits and used the MMIMS system to measure inert-gas partial pressures in systemic and pulmonary arterial blood and in mixed expired gas samples. The retention and excretion data were transformed into distributions of ventilation-to-perfusion ratios (V˙a/Q˙) with the use of linear regression techniques. Distributions ofV˙a/Q˙ were unimodal and broad, consistent with prior reports in the normal rabbit. Total blood sample volume for eachV˙a/Q˙ distribution was 4 ml, and analysis time was 8 min. MMIMS provides a convenient method to perform the multiple inert-gas elimination technique rapidly and with small blood sample volumes.

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Effects of blood sample volume on hematocrit in critically ill children and neonates

Pediatric Anesthesia ◽

10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02512.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 420-425

Author(s):

PAULA LISTER ◽

MARK J PETERS ◽

ANDY J PETROS

Keyword(s):

Blood Sample ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Critically Ill Children

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The Relationship Between Blood Sample Volume and Diagnostic Sensitivity of Blood Culture for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiy471 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 218 (suppl_4) ◽

pp. S255-S267 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Marina Antillon ◽

Neil J Saad ◽

Stephen Baker ◽

Andrew J Pollard ◽

Virginia E Pitzer

Keyword(s):

Blood Culture ◽

Blood Sample ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Diagnostic Sensitivity ◽

Symptom Duration ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Patient Age ◽

Patient Âgé ◽

The Relationship

AbstractBackgroundBlood culture is the standard diagnostic method for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever in surveillance studies and clinical trials, but sensitivity is widely acknowledged to be suboptimal. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine sources of heterogeneity across studies and quantified the effect of blood volume.MethodsWe searched the literature to identify all studies that performed blood culture alongside bone marrow culture (a gold standard) to detect cases of enteric fever. We performed a meta-regression analysis to quantify the relationship between blood sample volume and diagnostic sensitivity. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact of patient age, antimicrobial use, and symptom duration on sensitivity.ResultsWe estimated blood culture diagnostic sensitivity was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54–0.64) with significant between-study heterogeneity (I2, 76% [95% CI, 68%–82%]; P < .01). Sensitivity ranged from 0.51 (95% CI, 0.44–0.57) for a 2-mL blood specimen to 0.65 (95% CI, 0.58–0.70) for a 10-mL blood specimen, indicative of a relationship between specimen volume and sensitivity. Subgroup analysis showed significant heterogeneity by patient age and a weak trend towards higher sensitivity among more recent studies. Sensitivity was 34% lower (95% CI, 4%–54%) among patients with prior antimicrobial use and 31% lower after the first week of symptoms (95% CI, 19%–41%). There was no evidence of confounding by patient age, antimicrobial use, symptom duration, or study date on the relationship between specimen volume and sensitivity.ConclusionsThe relationship between the blood sample volume and culture sensitivity should be accounted for in incidence and next-generation diagnostic studies.

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The Effect of Blood Sample Volume on 11 Glucose Monitoring Systems

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/diacare.28.7.1836 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 1836-1837 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Z. Yared ◽

K. Aljaberi ◽

N. Renouf ◽

J.-F. Yale

Keyword(s):

Blood Sample ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Monitoring Systems

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The Effects of Inaccurate Blood Sample Volume on Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657138 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 47 (02) ◽

pp. 101-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Powers Peterson ◽

Eugene L Gottfried

Keyword(s):

Prothrombin Time ◽

Blood Sample ◽

Partial Thromboplastin Time ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time ◽

True Value

SummaryThe results of determinations of the prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are frequently used to assess hemostatic function. Accurate results for these laboratory tests depend on many variables, one of which is the ratio of plasma to anticoagulant. We studied 12 patients and 4 normal subjects to determine the effects of sample volume on PT and aPTT. We conclude that underfilling may produce profound effects, particularly on the aPTT. In contrast, overfilling rarely affects the results. The greatest effects of sample volume were observed in specimens in which the true PT or aPTT was elevated. A normal PT or aPTT result on any specimen, regardless of sample volume, strongly suggests that the true value is normal.

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Safety and blood sample volume and quality of a refined retro-orbital bleeding technique in rats using a lateral approach

Lab Animal ◽

10.1038/laban.432 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 63-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Ashish Sharma ◽

Brian L. Fish ◽

John E. Moulder ◽

Meetha Medhora ◽

John E. Baker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Sample ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Lateral Approach

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Perbandingan Jumlah Eritrosit pada Sampel Darah 3 mL, 2 mL, dan 1 mL dengan Antikoagulan K2EDTA

Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Media Husada ◽

10.33475/jikmh.v10i1.258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 59-64

Author(s):

Fajar Nur Cahya

Keyword(s):

Blood Sample ◽

Blood Volume ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Primary Data ◽

Laboratory Examination ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Blood Clots ◽

The Mean ◽

Analytic Design

Background: Laboratory examination has several factors that can affect the results of the examination, one of which is the pre-analytic factor that can affect the results of erythrocyte examination is the ratio between blood volume and anticoagulant. If the blood volume is insufficient, the anticoagulant causes red blood cells to become krenated, and if the excess blood volume can cause anticoagulants it can cause blood clots. Research Objective: This study aims to determine the ratio of the number of erythrocytes in the blood sample volume of 3 mL, 2 mL, and 1 mL with anticoagulant K2EDTA. Research Methods: This study used primary data with a hematological examination at the UTD RSUD Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Bandar Lampung. This type of research is quantitative using an observational analytic design with a crossapproach sectional through a hematological examination using the Hematology Alayzer Mindray BC-3600 with a sample size of 40 respondents who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The results of the mean examination of the number of erythrocytes between the blood volume of 1 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL with the anticoagulant K2EDTA had different results, at a volume of 3 mL showed the lowest results. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the examination of the number of erythrocytes with the blood sample volume of 1 mL, 2 mL, and 3 mL in thetube vacutainer K2EDTA Keywords: Hematology Examinatio;, Blood Volume; K2EDTA.

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Blood sample quality

Diagnosis ◽

10.1515/dx-2018-0018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Giuseppe Lippi ◽

Alexander von Meyer ◽

Janne Cadamuro ◽

Ana-Maria Simundic

Keyword(s):

Blood Sample ◽

Scientific Literature ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Sample Quality ◽

Laboratory Errors ◽

Preanalytical Phase ◽

Repeated Freezing

Abstract Several lines of evidence now confirm that the vast majority of errors in laboratory medicine occur in the extra-analytical phases of the total testing processing, especially in the preanalytical phase. Most importantly, the collection of unsuitable specimens for testing (either due to inappropriate volume or quality) is by far the most frequent source of all laboratory errors, thus calling for urgent strategies for improving blood sample quality and managing data potentially generated measuring unsuitable specimens. A comprehensive overview of scientific literature leads us to conclude that hemolyzed samples are the most frequent cause of specimen non-conformity in clinical laboratories (40–70%), followed by insufficient or inappropriate sample volume (10–20%), biological samples collected in the wrong container (5–15%) and undue clotting (5–10%). Less frequent causes of impaired sample quality include contamination by infusion fluids (i.e. most often saline or glucose solutions), cross-contamination of blood tubes additives, inappropriate sample storage conditions or repeated freezing-thawing cycles. Therefore, this article is aimed to summarize the current evidence about the most frequent types of unsuitable blood samples, along with tentative recommendations on how to prevent or manage these preanalytical non-conformities.

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