scholarly journals Shellfishing on foot and the road to defeminization in Galicia (Spain)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María de los Ángeles Piñeiro-Antelo ◽  
Xosé M Santos
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Bivalve Molluscs ◽  
The Road ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
Fishing Sector ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Traditional Activity

Abstract Fishing resources, as well as fishing activities and policies, are in a state of permanent change, therefore transforming the living and working conditions of coastal and fishing populations. The gender perspective is relevant to understand the challenges faced by men and women in the fishing sector. Galicia (Spain) is one of the main fishing regions in the EU and with the largest number of women working in the fishing sector, especially in shellfishing on foot. Shellfishing on foot, an artisanal and traditional activity for the cultivation and extraction of mainly bivalve molluscs, represents 7% of gross value added (GVA) and 17% of the employment of the Galician fishing sector as a whole. Since the 1960s, a process of regulation and modernization of shellfishing on foot—more than 95% of which is carried out by women—has led to a sharp decrease in the number of shellfish gatherers. The regulatory processes and the professionalization of the sector have resulted in a strong decline in female employment, but, at the same time, women feel empowered and regard their jobs as dignified work. Our objective—through the analysis of the local permits granted to carry out this activity—focuses on the study of the consolidation of this process and has tried to highlight the ways in which patriarchy perpetuates the hegemonic position of men evidenced, for example, by a progressive masculinization of this activity with increasing economic profitability and social prestige.

scholarly journals THE PENETRATION OF ENGINEERING BY ECONOMICS: McFADDEN AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF ROAD DEMAND ESTIMATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-278
Author(s):  
Ariane Dupont-Kieffer ◽  
Sylvie Rivot ◽  
Jean-Loup Madre
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Demand Estimation ◽  
Demand Modeling ◽  
The Road ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The 1960S

The golden age of road demand modeling began in the 1950s and flourished in the 1960s in the face of major road construction needs. These macro models, as well as the econometrics and the data to be processed, were provided mainly by engineers. A division of tasks can be observed between the engineers in charge of estimating the flows within the network and the transport economists in charge of managing these flows once they are on the road network. Yet the inability to explain their decision-making processes and individual drives gave some room to economists to introduce economic analysis, so as to better understand individual or collective decisions between transport alternatives. Economists, in particular Daniel McFadden, began to offer methods to improve the measure of utility linked to transport and to inform the engineering approach. This paper explores the challenges to the boundaries between economics and engineering in road demand analysis.

The Beats

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Reception Theory ◽  
Amiri Baraka ◽  
The Road ◽  
Small Press ◽  
Creative Non Fiction ◽  
History Of ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Beat Literature

This volume is the first-ever collection devoted to teaching Beat literature in high school to graduate-level classes. Essays address teaching topics such as the history of the censorship of Beat writing, Beat spirituality, the small press revolution, Beat composition techniques and ELL, Beat multiculturalism/globalism and its legacies, techno-poetics, the road tale, Beat drug use, the Italian-American Beat heritage, Beats and the visual arts of the 1960s, the Beat and Black Mountain confluence, Beat comedy, Beat performance poetry, Beat creative non-fiction, West coast-East/coast Beat communities, and Beat representations of race, gender, class, and ethnicity. Individual essays focus on Gary Snyder’s ecopoetics, William S. Burroughs’s post- and transhumanism, Jack Kerouac’s On the Road (teaching it in the U.S. and abroad) and his Quebecois novels, Allen Ginsberg, Diane di Prima, ruth weiss, Joyce Johnson, Joanne Kyger, Bob Kaufman, and Anne Waldman. Many additional Beat-associated writers, such as Amiri Baraka Gregory Corso, are featured in the other essays. The collection opens with a comprehensive essay by Nancy M. Grace on a history of Beat literature, its reception in and out of academia, and contemporary approaches to teaching Beat literature in multidisciplinary contexts. Many of the essays highlight online resources and other materials proven useful in the classroom. Critical methods range from feminism/gender theory, to critical race theory, formalism, historiography, religious studies, and transnational theory to reception theory. The volume concludes with selected scholarly resources, both primary and secondary, including films, music, and other art forms; and a set of Beat-related classroom assignments recommended by active Beat scholars and teachers.

Nexus Between FDI, Agriculture, and Rural Development: Evidence from Asian Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-319
Author(s):  
Sujan Chandra Paul ◽  
Nusrat Jahan ◽  
Ashim Kumar Nandi ◽  
Md Asiqur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Asian Countries

The aim of this study is explore the effect of foreign direct investment on agriculture and rural development. For this, panel data of 46 countries from Asia were accumulated for the time frame 1991–2018. The models OLS, POLS, 2SLS, and GMM are employed in this study. The study reveals that there is a favorable association between foreign direct investment and agricultural land as percentage of total land using the models OLS, POLS, 2SLS. In stark contrast, value added for agriculture, forestry, and fishing has an unfavorable association with foreign direct investment in all models employed in the study. Furthermore, female employment in agriculture has a negative association with foreign direct investment in OLS, 2SLS and GMM models, whereas male employment in agriculture has a negative association with foreign direct investment in the POLS model only. Land under cereal production has a favorable association with foreign direct investment in all models except POLS, and permanent cropland has a favorable association with foreign direct investment in all models except GMM. In addition, rural population has a positive relationship with foreign direct investment in OLS, POLS and 2SLS and a negative relationship with foreign direct investment in GMM.

Modelling Urban Public Transit Users' Route Choice Behaviour

2011 ◽  
pp. 134-146
Author(s):  
Yulin Lee ◽  
Jonathan Bunker ◽  
Luis Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Route Choice ◽  
User Equilibrium ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transit Assignment ◽  
The Road ◽  
Transit Route ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Assignment Models

Public transport is one of the key promoters of sustainable urban transport. To encourage and increase public transport patronage it is important to investigate the route choice behaviours of urban public transit users. This chapter reviews the main developments of modelling urban public transit users’ route choice behaviours in a historical perspective, from the 1960s to the present time. The approaches reviewed for this study include the early heuristic studies on finding the least-cost transit route and all-or-nothing transit assignment, the bus common lines problem, the disaggregate discrete choice models, the deterministic and stochastic user equilibrium transit assignment models, and the recent dynamic transit assignment models. This chapter also provides an outlook for the future directions of modelling transit users’ route choice behaviours. Through the comparison with the development of models for motorists’ route choice and traffic assignment problems, this chapter advocates that transit route choice research should draw inspiration from the research outcomes from the road area, and that the modelling practice of transit users’ route choice should further explore the behavioural complexities.

scholarly journals Studying Design Thinking as a Forthcoming Source to Innovation Speed

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2357-2366
Author(s):  
Christina Marie Mitcheltree ◽  
Halvor Holtskog ◽  
Geir Ringen
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Strategy Formulation ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Road ◽  
Complex Technology ◽  
Product Realization ◽  
Innovation Processes

AbstractWith complex technology-intense industries follows an ever-increasing need for rapid innovation processes. Yet, innovation speed and the time from idea to product realization can vary and be unpredictable.Design Thinking (DT) is suggested as a key driver to impact the speed of product innovation within product development projects. To understand and aid the road from early ideas and concepts to value- added products, this paper will provide a literature study on how Design Thinking can facilitate improved product innovation performance through innovation speed.The paper seeks to develop an overview of new insight on DT applicability for improved product innovation capability. This is done by identifying components that comprise DT´s innovative ability and appropriateness to product development contexts beyond the early creative phases of product development.As DT emphasize on visualization and re-framing problems, it contributes to enhanced clarity, meaning and confidence in ideas and decisions. DT in this way may impact strategy formulation and speed up complex innovation processes by pre-experiencing future situations.

Testing Study on Fatigue Damage of Asphalt Mixture with Considering the Restoration Time

2014 ◽  
Vol 505-506 ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
Biao Ding ◽  
Chuan Chao Zheng ◽  
Hua Nan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The Road ◽  
Restoration Time ◽  
Cumulative Dissipated Energy ◽  
On The Road

Conventional fatigue damage test of asphalt mixture is usually under the condition of constant stress-mode or strain-mode, the specimen is broken when the cyclic load reaches certain number of times. In fact, vehicles on the road are not continuous, traffic volume is different in different time, there is a time interval between neighbouring vehicles. In this paper, time interval was set between two neighbouring cycles, the effect of recovery way, strain size and temperature on cumulative dissipated energy were analyzed. The results show that: in the early stages, recovery methods have little impact on the cumulative dissipated energy, with the increase of cyclic number, the value of trabecular under unconstrained condition will be greater than that of trabecular under constrained one. The bigger the strain size, the greater the value of cumulative dissipated energy; The lower the temperature, the greater the value of cumulative dissipated energy. Under the conditon of low strain size or high temperature , the value of cumulative dissipated energy decreases linearly. For the high strain or low temperature, there is a sharp decrease between the first cycle and second cycle, and then decreases linely in the later cylcles.

The Key Literature on IB Activities: 1960–2006

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Dunning
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Main Thrust ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Geographical Scope

In considering the origin, form, and global spread of the value-added activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) over the past four and a half decades, this article traces the main thrust and content of two influential strands of literature. The two strands are closely interrelated. The first examines the development of scholarly thinking on the determinants of the ownership, sectoral pattern, and geographical scope of MNE activity. The second identifies, and where possible evaluates the significance of the main changes in the external technological, economic, and political environment that, in part at least, have helped fashion these determinants. In reviewing both literatures, and the interface between them, the article considers three main time periods, viz. the 1960s to the mid 1970s, the mid 1970s to the late 1980s, and the late 1980s to the early 2000s.

Kitchen Debates

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Weinreb
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
East German ◽  
Home Cooking ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Time And Energy

This chapter compares East German and West German attitudes toward women working outside of the home during the 1960s and 1970s. The two German states had radically different attitudes toward female employment. West Germany discouraged it, believing that women should remain out of the workforce to care for their families, especially their children. East Germany encouraged female labor as essential for meeting the country’s economic needs; women’s employment was seen as necessary for their self-fulfillment and as having a positive impact on their children’s health. Despite these differences, both countries perceived home cooking as women’s sole responsibility, as well as a vital necessity. This belief, among other things, determined the countries’ quite different school lunch policies. Ultimately, the normalization of home cooking and a “family meal” shaped women’s relationship to wage labor by demanding that their time and energy be dedicated to daily food work.

Gender, Industrialization, and Industrial Hubs

2020 ◽  
pp. 400-424
Author(s):  
Fiona Tregenna ◽  
Özge İzdeş
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
Gendered Patterns ◽  
Experiences Of Women

Industrial hubs are a key component of open-economy industrialization and have the potential to influence gendered patterns in industrial development as well as contributing to structural transformation. In most countries, the majority of the workforce in hubs is female—employment is highly feminized. An extensive literature documents the experiences of women workers in hubs, drawing attention to low wages and poor working conditions in export processing zones (EPZs) in particular. This chapter considers the effects of hubs on women and on gender equality. We propose a conceptual framework for analysing these effects, both direct/static and indirect/dynamic, through the channels of employment, wages, working conditions, rights and benefits, empowerment, and social effects. The negative experiences of women workers in many hubs derive in part from the typical concentration of women’s employment in low-wage, low-skill, low value-added hubs, rather than in forward-looking hubs that build on dynamic comparative advantage with decent labour standards.

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