Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Consumer Profile of Hunting Tourism and Trophy Hunting from Tradition to Protected Areas: Study Case on Romania and Spain

Hunting has major importance from many perspectives: As a product of leisure and recreation, as a tool for conservation and wildlife management, as the main economic activity in rural areas, or as a cultural heritage and traditional activity for countries around the world, especially for countries in Europe and Africa. Therefore, this research fills a gap in the literature and offers a cross-cultural opinion and perceptions of 198 hunters from Romania and Spain. The aim of the paper is to analyze the perceptions and opinions of hunters regarding hunting tourism through an online self-administrated questionnaire by convenience sampling using hunters associations from these countries. Among the values that identify hunting as an activity, hunters highlight the human values (friendship, company, ethics), ecological values (love of nature associated with hunting as a tool to understand and enjoy the natural environment), and social values (resources generated, hobby, effort). The respondents can self-criticize some components and aspects of hunting groups. Hunters believe that the future of this sector is moving towards commercial hunting, associated with purchasing power to ensure results. Regardless of the nationality of the hunters, their values related to this sector are similar.

Persuasion Wars as a Useful Tool for Teaching Social Influence: A Replication With Direct Measure of Pedagogical Effectiveness

Background Persuasion Wars are exercises for teaching social influence that have not been directly assessed with the use of students’ knowledge gain as an indicator. Objective This study aimed to establish the extent to which these exercises led to students’ knowledge increase in comparison to traditional teaching method. Method In a between subject design, 142 undergraduate students participated in two exercises: Persuasion Wars or Article Analysis. Pre-test and post-test measurements of students’ knowledge were collected to compute knowledge gain scores. At the end of the study, an exercise evaluation survey was distributed among students. Results Both teaching methods increased students’ knowledge about social influence. Regardless of the topic, students from Persuasion War group gained more knowledge when compared to students from Article Analysis group. Students assessed both teaching methods to a similar extent. Conclusion Persuasion Wars may serve as a useful teaching method in familiarizing students with the basic concepts of social influence despite being rated similarly to a more traditional activity. Teaching implications To improve the teaching outcomes of classes concerning basic topics of social influence, teachers should consider the use of Persuasion Wars exercises as well as should incorporate the use of a direct assessment of pedagogical effectiveness to avoid misleading predictions.

Sustainability indicators of the Brazil nut tree management

Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl) management, is a traditional activity that plays a key role in the economy of forestbased Amazon communities and in the conservation of forests. Nevertheless, some threats and critical points related to sustainability indicate to the need for establishment of monitoring procedures that can assist in the management of this natural resource. The overall aim of the research was to evaluate the MESMIS method as a tool to support the participatory definition of sustainability indicators to monitor Brazil nut management, and the viability of Brazil nut harvest over time. For that, we carried out a case study in the Porvir Community, RESEX Chico Mendes, Acre State (Brazil), aiming to integrate the perceptions of Brazil nut harvesters, researchers, managers, and technicians to define the indicators. The result was the generation of 18 strategic indicators to assess sustainability in the environmental, technical-economic and social dimensions. Assessment parameters, representing conditions that must be achieved for system sustainability, were collectively defined for each indicator. The main critical values attributed in the evaluation of the indicators are related to Brazil nut commercialization to intermediaries and oscillation in the annual fruit production. The use of the MESMIS method was considered appropriate to the studied context and can be recommended to similar non-timber forest product management systems.

Mountaineering Risk, Safety and Security

The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the underlying mountaineering risks, safety and security issues found in the traditional activity known as mountaineering. The paper also highlights some of the commonly known and distinguished terms of mountaineering. Mountaineering is the art of moving through the mountains using a set of technical ‘mountaineering’ skills. In Europe, it is often called alpinism when done in the Alps, apart from known as trekking, hiking or even fell walking. It includes traditional outdoor rock climbing in a mountain setting, multi-day rock climbing, skiing, snow-shoeing, a multi-day journey in the mountains, whether camping or in lodges. Mountaineering is not necessarily restricted to the greater mountain ranges as many countries with low altitude mountains have many citizens that go ‘mountaineering’ inside their borders. There are no predetermined heights at which a hill becomes a mountain; many geographers state that a mountain is greater than 300m (1,000 feet) above sea level, but the Oxford English Dictionary puts the hill limit at 600m asl. Another consideration is the latitude of the ‘hills’. For example, the hills of Scotland, although the highest being Ben Nevis at 1345m asl, are considerably further north than the Pyrenees with its highest mountain, Pic Aneto, at 3404m asl. The arctic winds, the northern European winds and the south-westerly gales are as harsh as any found in the higher ranges.

Shellfishing on foot and the road to defeminization in Galicia (Spain)

Fishing resources, as well as fishing activities and policies, are in a state of permanent change, therefore transforming the living and working conditions of coastal and fishing populations. The gender perspective is relevant to understand the challenges faced by men and women in the fishing sector. Galicia (Spain) is one of the main fishing regions in the EU and with the largest number of women working in the fishing sector, especially in shellfishing on foot. Shellfishing on foot, an artisanal and traditional activity for the cultivation and extraction of mainly bivalve molluscs, represents 7% of gross value added (GVA) and 17% of the employment of the Galician fishing sector as a whole. Since the 1960s, a process of regulation and modernization of shellfishing on foot—more than 95% of which is carried out by women—has led to a sharp decrease in the number of shellfish gatherers. The regulatory processes and the professionalization of the sector have resulted in a strong decline in female employment, but, at the same time, women feel empowered and regard their jobs as dignified work. Our objective—through the analysis of the local permits granted to carry out this activity—focuses on the study of the consolidation of this process and has tried to highlight the ways in which patriarchy perpetuates the hegemonic position of men evidenced, for example, by a progressive masculinization of this activity with increasing economic profitability and social prestige.

Use of fish resources by indigenous peoples of the Nenets Autonomous Area

Fishery is a traditional activity of the Nenets living in the Arctic. It complements the main type of economic activity of the Nenets — reindeer herding. The aim of the research is to summarize research data and analyze the dynamics of the use of fish resources by the Nenets in the Area territory. The Nenets often carry out fishing for free, without obtaining permits. The Nenets catch from 0,3 to 1,0 tons of fish per family annually. They use fish for their own nutrition and feeding of dogs. Fish and fish products are an important element of the traditional diet of the indigenous peoples of the North. Fishery in fishing areas by the Nenets is not in demand. State bodies provide fish resources to the Nenets for use. Only an insignificant part of the Nenets apply to obtain fish for use. In contrast, most of the family communities apply for fish resources for use. Every year the Nenets receive 108.09 tons of fish resources for use. One family uses 1,877 tons of fish. The estimated value of fish resources used by the Nenets is about 3 300 tons of fish annually.

Analysis Of Youth Activities In The Digital Age: Time-Geographical Approach

The study analyses daily activities of youth in the virtual and actual environment within the framework of theoretical and applied achievements of time geography. The role of mobile devices in youth life, transformation of traditional activity and changes in the daily organization of actions due to digitalization are discussed. Empirical data for the research were obtained via a diary method (the respondents were 18–22-year-old students). Features of individual daily foreground and background activities, digital devices used, activities relation and localization are evaluated by geovisualization performed within the time-geographical concepts. Regardless of the smartphonization, individuals reserve time spans not associated with virtual activities; their online activities are localized within places of residence, study and traffic routes, while public spaces serve as “live communication” platforms (but a complete rejection of virtual activity does not occur here). An attempt to compare youth daily activity under ordinary conditions and during the period of forced isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic is being made.

ARTISANAL FISHING ON THE COAST OF ESPÍRITO SANTO STATE, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL: AN APPROACH TO SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Artisanal fishing is an important traditional activity on the coast of Espírito Santo (ES) State, southeastern Brazil. Despite this, there is a lack of updated data on artisanal fishing and its interfaces with socioenvironmental oceanography. The present study describes the social profile of fishers (gender, age, education, and period of professional activity) and the fishing activity (fishing gear and target species) along the coast of Espírito Santo State. Interviews with semi-structured questionnaires were carried out with 366 artisanal fishers living in 10 fishing communities. The interviewed fishers are mostly male, with low education, who had been fishing for more than 41 years (32%). The fishers described 59 target ethnospecies, with eight being common in 90% (n = 9) of the communities under study. These workers use the following fishing gear: line, longline, gillnet, trawl net, and harpoon. Socioenvironmental oceanography enables obtaining basic information on artisanal fishing, which can support the development of public policies for the sector with a view to maintaining this activity in Espírito Santo State.

THE WINE ROAD IN VRANCEA COUNTY

Nowadays, G.I.S. is widely used in the traditional cultivation of vines. The vineyard cultivation in Vrancea County is a traditional activity specific to this hilly area. G.I.S. provides tools and information on how the vineyard is cultivated, depending on the environmental factors that influence it: climate, soil, geological substrate through created maps using the ArcMap 10.5 program. G.I.S. is a tool that can be used to analyse and improve vineyard management decisions, and is also a powerful tool in collection, analysis and monitoring data. This article aims to show that different spatial analysis tools used nowadays can play an important role in monitoring vine plantations and implicitly in increasing the production of grapes that will end up as obtained quality wines. To create the slope map and the solar radiation map, it was used a DEM (digital elevation model) with a resolution of 30m. With the help of the created maps, it is possible to make a spatial analysis of the resources within Vrancea County.

THE CONCEPT «БЭЮМЭКИТ / HUNT» IN THE EVENKI LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD

Preserving the Evenki concept sphere is one of the most important tasks of modern Evenki studies. The current study is a contribution to the task. This article considers the linguocultural concept of Beyumekit 'Hunt' in the linguistic picture of the Evenki world. Material for analysis was selected from bilingual dictionaries, a comparative dictionary of the Tungus-Manchu languages, as well as from texts written from modern Evenki speakers. More than 200 lexical units representing the concept were analyzed and distributed into 6 groups: 1) hunter, 2) fur animals; 3) hoofed animals, 4) hunting place, 5) dog (hunter assistant), 6) verbs denoting hunting process. Groups 2 and 3 turned out the most frequent. The results showed that the concept is basic in the consciousness of the Evenki, reflecting their worldview. It is concluded that hunting is perceived as one of the most important traditional activity, and the concept of Beyumekit 'hunt' is the basic one in the linguistic picture of the Evenki world as well as in the speakers of other Manchu-Tungus languages.