STATUS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE COLD CHAIN SYSTEM IN KENYA: THE CASE OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR IN LAMU AND MOMBASA COUNTIES

Purpose: This study examined the status, challenges and opportunities of the fishing sub-sector in Mombasa and Lamu counties in Kenya. The study examined the various opportunities cold chain have in development of the fisheries sector. The study zeroed on factors like the economic, administrative, financial, technological and cultural attributes that influence the efficiency of the cold chain. Methodology: Literature reviewed showed that shortage of reliable and adequate cold chain facilities in sub-Saharan Africa is one of the main causes of losses of perishable products however there’s little documentation of the study on the status, challenges and opportunities of cold chain technologies in the fishing sector in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study focusses on 2 counties in Coastal Kenya i.e. Mombasa and Lamu Counties. The justification for selecting the 2 sites was that Lamu fisheries industry is extensive and highly developed, Lamu receives the highest number of fish harvest. Primary data was obtained through questionnaires and personal interviews. The personal interviews took 5 days in Mombasa and 5 days in Lamu. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences; SPSS version 20. Results: The main result of the study was showed that cold chain is widely used and required in the advancement of fishing in all the study sites. The study also revealed that Lamu County is more dependent on cold chain for fishing to earn profit for the sector as it final market is Mombasa a distance of over 200km away. The needs of the type, capacity and partnership is different from one Beach Management Unit to the other. This is primarily due to factor such fish catch, governance dynamics, access and affordability of cold chain technology and distance to the market. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study indicated that there has been deliberate effort by the two tier government – National and County to invest in Cold chain however this has been faced with myriad challenges where this installed equipment are either not operating efficiently or have stalled. The study indicated and showed that there needs to be systematic approach when selecting and managing cold chain equipment in the fishing sector.

Caractérisation De La Diversité, De La Structure Des Tailles Et Du Stress Écologique Au Niveau Du Peuplement Des Poissons Sur Le Fleuve Bandama (Côte d’Ivoire, Afrique De l’Ouest)

La connaissance de la faune ichtyologique des eaux ivoiriennes préoccupe à la fois les scientifiques et les responsables de développement du secteur de la pêche. En effet, l’intensification croissante de l’exploitation des ressources halieutiques en milieu continental fait planer de réels risques de régression et de disparition des espèces.Cette étude vise à caractériser la variation spatio-temporelle de la fauneichtyologique et d’identifier les indices biologiques qui déterminent la distribution des espèces de poissons et l’état d’exploitation de ces poissons dans le fleuve Bandama.Les poissons ont été échantillonnés de juillet 2019 à juin 2020 à partir des captures des pêcheurs locaux. Chaque spécimen identifié, est pesé et mesuré.L’analyse spatio-temporelle a indiqué une variation non significative (p > 0,05) de la faune ichtyologique et des indices de diversité H’ et E. Néanmoins, L’analyse de la structure du peuplement (H’ de 2,09 à 2,34; E de 0,83 à 0,85) a révélé un milieu fluvial assez diversifié. Il est dominé par les Cichlidae et Cyprinidae au niveau des familles et Labeo coubie, Coptodon zillii et Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus au niveau des espèces quel que soit le site de pêche. Ce peuplement est composé majoritairement de spécimens juvéniles. Les résultats de ce travail constituent une étude de base pour les gouvernants dans la mise en place de plan de gestion durable des ressources halieutiques en milieu continental.L’essentiel de la production du fleuve Bandama est fourni par les Cichlidae et dans la localité de Tiassalé. Néanmoins, les indices de diversité calculés montrent une ichtyofaune diversifiée. Cette ichtyofaune est dominée par des juvéniles. Knowledge of the ichthyological fauna of Ivorian waters is of concern to both scientists and those responsible for the development of the fishing sector. In fact, the increasing intensification of the exploitation of fishery resources in the continental environment poses real risks of regression and disappearance of species.This study aims to characterize the spatio-temporal variation of the ichthyological fauna and to identify the biological indices which determine the distribution of fish species and the state of exploitation of these fish in the Bandama River.The fish were sampled from July 2019 to June 2020 from the catches of local fishermen. Each identified specimen is weighed and measured.The spatio-temporal analysis indicated a non-significant variation (p> 0.05) in the ichthyological fauna and the indices of diversity H 'and E. Nevertheless, the analysis of the structure of the stand (H' of 2.09 at 2.34; E from 0.83 to 0.85) revealed a fairly diverse fluvial environment. It is dominated by Cichlidae and Cyprinidae at family level and Labeo coubie, Coptodon zillii and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus at species level regardless of the fishing site. This stand is mainly composed of juvenile specimens. The results of this work constitute a basic study for those in charge in the establishment of a plan for the sustainable management of fishery resources in the continental environment.Most of the production of the Bandama River is supplied by the Cichlidae and in the locality of Tiassalé. Nevertheless, the calculated diversity indices show a diversified ichthyofauna. This ichthyofauna is dominated by juveniles.

PERAN INSTITUSI LOKAL DALAM PENINGKATAN EKONOMI NAGARI DIMASA PANDEMI

This research aims to explore the work of local institutions in overcoming the impact of the covid-19 outbreak and improving the economy of the community in Nagari Sungai Pinang. The concept of local institutions in this study is related to values, norms, and habits in society, both at the individual, community, and institutional levels. This study uses a qualitative approach, with data collection techniques being in-depth interviews, observation, and FGD. The data were analyzed with the principles of qualitative data analysis from Miles and Huberman. The results of the study were that local institutions related to values and norms worked when the corona outbreak came. The value of helping and working together seems to encourage people to solve their own problems. Meanwhile, the value related to institutions is the role of the Nagari Traditional Kerapanan, Bundo Kanduang, and Parik Paga Nagari institutions in overcoming the COVID-19 outbreak. These local institutions are active in improving the economy of the Sungai Pinang community in agriculture, fishing, and the tourism sector. The role played by these local institutions is to encourage community members to work together to help each other, and to apply the value of land use in the agriculture, tourism, and fishing sector

PEREMPUAN DALAM PERIKANAN DAN AKUAKULTUR DI KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR RIAU

In terms of participation excellence, the fisheries sector of Indragiri Hilir Regency is gender biased. Pia dominates the scene, will hold leading positions such as ownership, control, and access to the productive resources of aquaculture production systems, as well as ownership of fishing vessels and equipment in the fishing sector. These roles give them the benefit of financial by providing investment opportunities, loan facilities, and import and export licenses, among others. Despite the economic potential of small-scale fisheries and aquaculture, women invest very little in the aquaculture, artisanal and industrial sectors. Women take a secondary role in processing and marketing, delaying major decisions for male counterparts. The underlying socio-cultural norms and gender relationships emphasized by intersectionality are often barriers to owning, accessing, or controlling productive resources and other inputs. Gender mainstreaming appears to be a very recent development in the fisheries sector. The goal of the study is the reorientation of women, especially those working in small-scale fisheries, including fisheries and aquaculture, toward active and significant participation in boat owner contribution, productivity, and policy/decision-making. Secondary data and conclusions from previous studies, especially reports and reviews from other districts,compared to what is available in Indragiri Hilir Regency. As a result, we propose expanding social entrepreneurship initiatives, bootstrapping,and social capital, among other interventions, to increase women's participation in the fisheries sector. Dalam hal keunggulan partisipasi, sektor perikanan Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir bias gender. Pia mendominasi tempat kejadian, akan memegang posisi terkemuka seperti kepemilikan, kontrol, dan akses ke sumber daya produktif sistem produksi akuakultur, serta kepemilikan kapal penangkap ikan dan peralatan di sektor perikanan. Peran-peran ini menguntungkan mereka secara finansial dengan memberikan peluang investasi, fasilitas pinjaman, dan lisensi impor dan ekspor, antara lain. Terlepas dari potensi ekonomi perikanan dan akuakultur skala kecil, perempuan berinvestasi sangat sedikit di sektor akuakultur, artisanal dan industri. Perempuan mengambil peran sekunder dalam pengolahan dan pemasaran, menunda keputusan besar untuk rekan-rekan laki-laki. Norma-norma sosial-budaya yang mendasari dan hubungan gender yang ditekankan oleh interseksionalitas sering menjadi hambatan untuk memiliki, mengakses, atau mengendalikan sumber daya produktif dan input lainnya. Pengarus utamaan gender tampaknya menjadi perkembangan yang sangat baru di sektor perikanan. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah reorientasi perempuan, terutama mereka yang bekerja di perikanan skala kecil, termasuk perikanan dan akuakultur, menuju partisipasi aktif dan signifikan dalam kontribusi pemilik kapal, produktivitas, dan kebijakan / pengambilan keputusan. Data sekunder dan kesimpulan dari penelitian sebelumnya, terutama laporan dan ulasan dari Kabupaten lain, dibandingkan dengan apa yang tersedia di Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir. Sebagai hasilnya, kami mengusulkan perluasan inisiatif kewirausahaan sosial, kapal penangkap ikan (bootstrapping), dan modal sosial, di antara intervensi lainnya, untuk meningkatkan partisipasi perempuan di sektor perikanan.

EL DESARROLLO DEL TURISMO MARINERO EN ESPAÑA: DIFERENCIAS REGIONALES

En España desde comienzos de este siglo se están desarrollando iniciativas turísticas relacionadas con la actividad pesquera. Se pretende poner en valor para el aprovechamiento turístico la cultura de la pesca y el trabajo de los pescadores, con el fin de generar nuevas rentas que beneficien al sector pesquero y también contribuyan al desarrollo económico local de los puertos en los que se da esta actividad. Este artículo tiene como objetivos fundamentales: la recopilación de la normativa legal que ampara a esta actividad, tanto a nivel autonómico como estatal, y la relación de las iniciativas que se ofertan en cada Comunidad Autónoma para señalar sus singularidades y los contrastes entre las mismas. In Spain, since the beginning of this century, tourism initiatives related to fishing activity have been developed. It is intended to value the culture of fishing and the work of fishermen for tourist use, in order to generate new income that benefits the fishing sector and also contributes to the local economic development of the port in which this activity occurs. This article has as fundamental objectives: the compilation of the legal regulations that protect this activity, both at the regional state level, and the relationship of the initiatives that are offered in each Autonomous Community to point out their singularities and the contrasts between them.

A Healthy Metaphor? The North Sea Consultation and the Power of Words

The North Sea Consultation was set up to resolve conflicting claims for space in the North Sea. In 2020, this consultation process resulted in the North Sea Agreement, which was supported by the Dutch Parliament and cabinet as a long-term policy; however, the fishing sector felt excluded, left the consultation process, and does not support the agreement. Using semi-constructed interviews and the method of wide reflective equilibrium, this research found that in this conflict the metaphor of ‘health’ has played a decisive role. While all stakeholders want to keep the sea ‘healthy’, they disagree on what a healthy sea actually means, leading to contrastive positions on the desirability of trawler fishing, wind parks, and conservation areas—the North Sea Agreement’s main foci of interest. To prevent the unproductive escalation of such a conflict, it is inevitable to acknowledge the moral connotations of such metaphors, as this allows a decision-making process that can be considered more just.

Let Them Eat Fish!—Exploring the Possibility of Utilising Unwanted Catch in Food Bank Parcels in The Netherlands

The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union was reformed in 2013 with the aim of improving the sustainability of the fishing sector. The Landing Obligation, a cornerstone of this reform, requires fishers to land their unwanted catch instead of discarding it at sea. Existing literature pays little attention to what becomes of this unwanted catch once it is landed. To further the discourse on the sustainable valorisation of unwanted catch, this study explores whether unwanted catch that is safe for human consumption could be used for improving food security. The paper focuses on Dutch food banks, which deliver critical food aid to over 160,000 individuals yearly but struggle to provide all dependant recipients with nutritionally balanced food parcels. The research question is addressed in two ways. The food bank recipients’ willingness to consume UWC is evaluated quantitatively through a survey. Next to this, data from interviews with relevant stakeholders are analysed qualitatively. Results indicate that the Food Bank Foundation and its recipients are willing to receive this fish if it is safe to consume and accessible. However, various factors such as existing infrastructure, lack of economic incentive to donate, competition from non-food and black markets, and the fishing industry’s conflict with the landing obligation might pose barriers to this kind of valorisation. The dissonance between fisheries, food, and sustainability policies is discussed and identified as a key limiting factor. To bridge the differences between these policy areas, we propose public-private partnerships and voluntary agreements among involved stakeholders.

PEREMPUAN DALAM PERIKANAN DAN AKUAKULTUR di KAB. INDRAGIRI HILIR RIAU

In terms of participation excellence, the fisheries sector of Indragiri Hilir Regency is gender biased. Pia dominates the scene, will hold leading positions such as ownership, control, and access to the productive resources of aquaculture production systems, as well as ownership of fishing vessels and equipment in the fishing sector. These roles benefit them financially by providing investment opportunities, loan facilities, and import and export licenses, among others. Despite the economic potential of small-scale fisheries and aquaculture, women invest very little in the aquaculture, artisanal and industrial sectors. Womentake a secondary role in processing and marketing, delaying major decisions for male counterparts. The underlying socio-cultural norms and gender relationships emphasized by intersectionality are often barriers to owning, accessing, or controlling productive resources and other inputs. Gender mainstreaming appears to be a very recent development in the fisheries sector. The goal of the study is the reorientation of women, especially those working in small-scale fisheries, including fisheries and aquaculture, toward active and significant participation in boat owner contribution, productivity, and policy/decision-making. Secondary data and conclusions from previous studies, especially reports and reviews from other districts,compared to what is available in Indragiri Hilir Regency. As a result, we propose expanding social entrepreneurship initiatives, bootstrapping,and social capital, among other interventions, to increase women's participation in the fisheries sector.

Informal financing or debt traps: are the UN sustainable development goals being met in emerging economies?

Purpose This paper aims to provide new insights into the financing system used in emerging economies and how they related to UN Development Goals for sustainable development. The study focuses on small businesses’ informal financing options and whether these lead the borrower into a debt trap. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the example of small-medium fisheries in Indonesia to highlight the formal/informal financing options availed by the businesses and their relationship with the lender. The authors use the qualitative method with a phenomenology approach and interview key stakeholders in the sector. Findings The authors find that the set interest repayments and the checks and balances involved in judging the borrower’s creditworthiness make the formal due to the strict requirements. Instead, the fishermen rely on the informal financing system and borrow from the mapak – a person who lends money on the condition that the fishermen’s catch will be sold to the lender as repayment. Research limitations/implications This study focuses on the financing system in emerging economies. Using the coastal business areas in the Indonesian fishing sector, the authors highlight the informal financing system and the potential debt trap. Future research could extend and study this issue in other industries and geographic regions to test whether emerging economies meet their targets and commitments under the UN Sustainability Development Goals. Emerging markets like Indonesia have a unique model of financing system and their business structure. Three conditions are highlighted in the financing system of business in coastal areas, namely, informal financing, close market access and social capital. Originality/value This study addresses financial inclusion and whether the UN Sustainability Development Goal 8 is being met in emerging economies. The study is one of the few to address this issue and highlights that emerging economies are yet to take concrete steps to make the formal financing sector more inclusive to achieve poverty alleviation.