The Unexplored Crossroads of the Female Athlete Triad and Iron Deficiency: A Narrative Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1721-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan L. Petkus ◽  
Laura E. Murray-Kolb ◽  
Mary Jane De Souza
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Female Athlete Triad

scholarly journals POTENSI FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD PADA ATLET REMAJA PUTRI DEFISIENSI BESI

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Fillah Fithra Dieny ◽  
Deny Yudi Fitranti ◽  
Firdananda Fikri Jauharany ◽  
A Fahmy Arif Tsani
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cycle Disorders

The female athlete triad (FAT) is a syndrome that occurs in female athletes who have a combination of 3 related conditions and are associated with sports. The aimed of this study to analyze the relationship between iron deficiency and the state of the female athlete triad (FAT) in female athletes. The design of this study was cross sectional with 80 subjects of female athletes aged 12-18 years from various sports, who were taken by simple random sampling. The research was conducted at the Central Java Student Center for Education and Sports Training (BPPLOP). Bivariate analysis was performed using the Spearman test. Based on Ferritin, as many as 15 subjects (18.25%) had iron deficiency anemia, and FAT syndrome was not found in the subjects, however, when each sign was seen, 20 percent were classified as polimenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, and 37.5 percent experienced eating disorders. There were a significant relationship between iron deficiency based on serum ferritin (p = 0.015; r = 0.273) and Hb levels (p = 0.002; r = 0.337) with the component of athlete's bone density. However, iron deficiency (based on serum Ferritin and Hb levels) did not show a significant association with menstrual cycle disorders and eating disorders (p 0.05). Female Athlete Triad has not been found among subjects, but athletes have experienced eating behavior disorders, menstrual cycle disorders and the risk of low bone density. Iron deficiency is associated with decreased bone density in young female athletes. ABSTRAK Female athlete triad (FAT) merupakan suatu syndrom yang terjadi pada atlet wanita yang memiliki kombinasi dari 3 kondisi yang saling berkaitan, dan berhubungan dengan olahraga. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis hubungan defisiensi besi dengan keadaan female athelete triad (FAT) pada atlet remaja putri. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dengan 80 subjek atlet putri berusia 12-18 tahun dari berbagai cabang olahraga yang diambil secara simple random sampling. Penelitian dilakukan di Balai Pemusatan Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga Pelajar (BPPLOP) Jateng. Analisis univariat untuk mendeskripsikan data berupa distribusi dan persentase. Analisis bivariat dilakukan menggunakan uji Spearman. Berdasarkan data serum ferritin, sebanyak 15 subjek (18,25%) mengalami anemia defisiensi besi, namun belum ditemukan kejadian FAT pada subjek, tetapi bila dilihat masing masing tanda sebanyak 20 persen tergolong polimenorea dan oligomenorea, serta 37,5 persen mengalami gangguan perilaku makan. Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara defisiensi besi berdasarkan serum ferritin (p=0,015; r=0,273) dan kadar Hb (p=0,002; r=0,337) dengan komponen kepadatan tulang atlet. Namun defisiensi besi (bedasarkan serum Ferritin dan Kadar Hb) tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan gangguan siklus menstruasi dan gangguan perilaku makan (p0,05). FAT belum ditemukan pada atlet remaja putri, namun atlet sudah ada yang mengalami gangguan perilaku makan, gangguan siklus menstruasi dan risiko kepadatan tulang rendah. Defisiensi besi berhubungan dengan menurunnya kepadatan tulang atlet remaja putri.Kata kunci: atlet; remaja putri; defisiensi besi; female athlete triad (FAT) 

scholarly journals Iron-Containing Contraceptives and Their Effect on Hemoglobin and Biomarkers of Iron Status: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2340
Author(s):  
Jordie A. J. Fischer ◽  
Carolina S. Sasai ◽  
Crystal D. Karakochuk
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Contraception Use ◽  
Hb Concentration

Oral contraceptive use has been associated with decreased menstrual blood losses; thus, can independently reduce the risk of anemia and iron deficiency in women. Manufacturers have recently started to include supplemental iron in the non-hormonal placebo tablets of some contraceptives. The aims of this narrative review are: (i) to describe the relationship between oral contraceptive use and both anemia and iron status in women; (ii) to describe the current formulations of iron-containing oral contraceptives (ICOC) available on the market; and (iii) to systematically review the existing literature on the effect of ICOC on biomarkers of anemia and iron status in women. We discovered 21 brands of ICOC, most commonly including 25 mg elemental iron as ferrous fumarate, for seven days, per monthly tablet package. Our search identified one randomized trial evaluating the effectiveness of ICOC use compared to two non-ICOC on increasing hemoglobin (Hb) and iron status biomarker concentrations in women; whereafter 12 months of contraception use, there were no significant differences in Hb concentration nor markers of iron status between the groups. ICOC has the potential to be a cost-effective solution to address both family planning needs and iron deficiency anemia. Yet, more rigorous trials evaluating the effectiveness of ICOC on improving markers of anemia and iron deficiency, as well as investigating the safety of its consumption among iron-replete populations, are warranted.

Stress Fractures And The Reproductive System In The Female Athlete

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan M Asif ◽  
Kimberly Harmon ◽  
Mallory Shasteen
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Stress Fractures ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Pubic Ramus

Stress fractures are more common in the female athlete. Stress fractures of the pubic ramus and femoral neck are particularly more common in females than in males. Rib stress fractures are an important injury to consider in the female rower, whereas spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain in female athletes who hyperextend their spines. The higher incidence of stress fractures in females is mainly due to the higher prevalence of disordered eating and subsequent energy imbalance, which leads to detrimental effects on bone. This review discusses stress fractures and unique issues related to exercise and the female reproductive system. This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables and 49 references Key words: amenorrhea, bone mineral density, disordered eating, female athlete triad, femoral neck, pregnancy, pubic ramus, rib, spondylolysis, stress fracture

Female Athlete Triad

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer P. Daily ◽  
Jessica R. Stumbo
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad

scholarly journals Bone-Mineral Density and Other Features of the Female Athlete Triad in Elite Endurance Runners: A Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Observational Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 418-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Pollock ◽  
Claire Grogan ◽  
Mark Perry ◽  
Charles Pedlar ◽  
Karl Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
And Training

Low bone-mineral density (BMD) is associated with menstrual dysfunction and negative energy balance in the female athlete triad. This study determines BMD in elite female endurance runners and the associations between BMD, menstrual status, disordered eating, and training volume. Forty-four elite endurance runners participated in the cross-sectional study, and 7 provided longitudinal data. Low BMD was noted in 34.2% of the athletes at the lumbar spine, and osteoporosis in 33% at the radius. In cross-sectional analysis, there were no significant relationships between BMD and the possible associations. Menstrual dysfunction, disordered eating, and low BMD were coexistent in 15.9% of athletes. Longitudinal analysis identified a positive association between the BMD reduction at the lumbar spine and training volume (p = .026). This study confirms the presence of aspects of the female athlete triad in elite female endurance athletes and notes a substantial prevalence of low BMD and osteoporosis. Normal menstrual status was not significantly associated with normal BMD, and it is the authors’ practice that all elite female endurance athletes undergo dual-X-ray absorptiometry screening. The association between increased training volume, trend for menstrual dysfunction, and increased loss of lumbar BMD may support the concept that negative energy balance contributes to bone loss in athletes.

The Female Athlete Triad and Cardiovascular Dysfunction

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Z. Hoch ◽  
Sophia Lal ◽  
Jason W. Jurva ◽  
David D. Gutterman
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Cardiovascular Dysfunction

scholarly journals The LEAF questionnaire is a good screening tool for the identification of the Female Athlete Triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport among young football players

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12118
Author(s):  
Edyta Łuszczki ◽  
Pawel Jagielski ◽  
Anna Bartosiewicz ◽  
Maciej Kuchciak ◽  
Katarzyna Dereń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Not At Risk

Background It has been noticed that Female Athlete Triad (Fat) and Relative Energy Deficiency (Red-S) in Sport are characterized by the symptoms of impaired endocrine-metabolic function and bone health in female athletes. In addition, it may be evaluated with a qualitative tool, such as Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and quantitative measurements: bone mineral density (BMD), resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, 24-hour dietary recall. Methods The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Triad and Red-S using the LEAF-Q in youth female football players. Additionally, the difference in the BMD, body composition, REE and energy intake (EI) were assessed between the Triad/Red-S risk and not at-risk groups. Results Almost two thirds (64.7%) of participants are classified as being at-risk for the triad according to their LEAF-Q scores. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between most of the values among children from the analyzed groups. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the EI values among girls from the two analyzed groups: at-risk (1,773.18 kcal ±  232.57) and not at-risk (2,054.00 kcal ±  191.39). Girls who did not meet the energy intake recommendations were 10.00 as likely to be in the Triad/Red-S risk group. Conclusion Early identification of Fat/Red-S symptoms by screening tools such as the LEAF questionnaire is important in protecting young athletes from long-term damage due to the progression of the risk factors associated with the Fat/Red-S.

scholarly journals Female athlete triad

BMJ ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 330 (7485) ◽  
pp. 244-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Birch
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad
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