Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Genoserotyping, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Prevention and Control of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars

Antimicrobial resistance is on the rise. As more infections are becoming resistant to antibiotic treatment, it would benefit practice nurses to be aware of the effective measures they can use to prevent the spread of infection, explains Naomi Fleming When micro-organisms are exposed to an antimicrobial, more susceptible organisms succumb, leaving behind those resistant to the antimicrobial. They can then pass on resistance to their offspring. The use and misuse of antimicrobials has increased the number and types of resistant organisms. As a result, standard treatments become ineffective and infections persist and may spread. Infection prevention and control (IPC) is key to reducing demand for antimicrobial use and reducing the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance. Poor IPC can increase the spread of drug-resistant infections. Interventions such as effective hand hygiene and vaccination have significant potential to limit opportunities for drug-resistant strains to emerge. Effective leadership is vital and nurses are central to promoting IPC, leading on IPC compliance and ensuring uptake of vaccination in primary care.

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Antibiotic Use in Low and Middle-Income Countries and the Challenges of Antimicrobial Resistance in Surgery

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9080497 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 497

Author(s):

Massimo Sartelli ◽

Timothy C. Hardcastle ◽

Fausto Catena ◽

Alain Chichom-Mefire ◽

Federico Coccolini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Antibiotic Prescribing ◽

Prescribing Practices ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

And Control ◽

Low And Middle Income

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a phenomenon resulting from the natural evolution of microbes. Nonetheless, human activities accelerate the pace at which microorganisms develop and spread resistance. AMR is a complex and multidimensional problem, threatening not only human and animal health, but also regional, national, and global security, and the economy. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, and poor infection prevention and control strategies are contributing to the emergence and dissemination of AMR. All healthcare providers play an important role in preventing the occurrence and spread of AMR. The organization of healthcare systems, availability of diagnostic testing and appropriate antibiotics, infection prevention and control practices, along with prescribing practices (such as over-the-counter availability of antibiotics) differs markedly between high-income countries and low and middle-income countries (LMICs). These differences may affect the implementation of antibiotic prescribing practices in these settings. The strategy to reduce the global burden of AMR includes, among other aspects, an in-depth modification of the use of existing and future antibiotics in all aspects of medical practice. The Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery has instituted an interdisciplinary working group including healthcare professionals from different countries with different backgrounds to assess the need for implementing education and increasing awareness about correct antibiotic prescribing practices across the surgical pathways. This article discusses aspects specific to LMICs, where pre-existing factors make surgeons’ compliance with best practices even more important.

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Correlation between Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, their Prevention and Control: Review

Journal of Young Pharmacists ◽

10.5530/jyp.2020.12.6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 25-28

Author(s):

Sedhain Arpan ◽

Roy Kalyan ◽

Chakraborty Mainak ◽

Gauthaman Karunakaran

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

And Control

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Implementing a Combined Infection Prevention and Control with Antimicrobial Stewardship Joint Program to Prevent Caesarean Section Surgical Site Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance: a Tanzanian Tertiary Hospital Experience

10.21203/rs.2.22465/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elisa Gentilotti ◽

Pasquale De Nardo ◽

Boniface Nguhuni ◽

Alessandro Piscini ◽

Caroline Damian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Caesarean Section ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Combined Infection ◽

And Control

Abstract Background. Surgical site infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after caesarean section, especially in Low and Middle Income Countries. We hypothesized that a combined infection prevention and control with antimicrobial stewardship joint program would decrease the rate of post- caesarean section surgical site infections at the Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department of a Tanzanian tertiary hospital. Methods. The intervention included: 1. formal and on-job trainings on infection prevention and control; 2. evidence-based education on antimicrobial resistance and good antimicrobial prescribing practice. A second survey was performed to determine the impact of the intervention. The primary outcome of the study was post-caesarean section surgical site infections prevalence and secondary outcome the determinant factors of surgical site infections before/after the intervention and overall. The microbiological characteristics and patterns of antimicrobial resistance were ascertained.Results. Total 464 and 573 women were surveyed before and after the intervention, respectively. After the intervention, the antibiotic prophylaxis was administered to a significantly higher number of patients (98% vs 2%, p<0.001), caesarean sections were performed by more qualified operators (40% vs 28%, p=0.001), with higher rates of Pfannenstiel skin incisions (29% vs 18%, p<0.001) and of absorbable continuous intradermic sutures (30% vs 19%, p<0.001). The total number of post-caesarean section surgical site infections was 225 (48%) in the pre-intervention and 95 (17%) in the post intervention group (p<0.001). A low prevalence of gram-positive isolates and of methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus was detected in the post-intervention survey. Conclusions. Further researches are needed to better understand the potential of a hospital-based multidisciplinary approach to surgical site infections and antimicrobial resistance prevention in resource-constrained settings.

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Perspective: Conventional Infection Prevention and Control Practices in Post-Antibiotic Era

10.20944/preprints201808.0090.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Samer Singh

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Local Environment ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Agriculture Sector ◽

Contributory Factors ◽

Current Article ◽

And Control

The antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance is rapidly spreading in microbes relevant to human health. Two visible major contributory factors have been the indiscriminate overuse of antimicrobials for preventing diseases in human and to enhance the productivity in agriculture sector. To mitigate the potential threat posed by post-antibiotic era, the global health stakeholders have been making extra efforts at a war footing to formulate and implement global and national plans of action. In the current article, an endeavour is made to provide a perspective to look beyond the current focus on just use of the antimicrobials. Attention has been drawn towards various obvious and not-so-obvious self-preservation infection-prevention practices in vogue from the pre-antibiotic era whose usage has been on decline in the antibiotic era for various reasons. Particularly, the practices with a clear potential to effectively decrease the spread of pathogens through contact, curtail the evolution and dissemination of the antimicrobial resistance in local environment and its introduction into the global community, should be Identified and strengthened to make them part of comprehensive hygiene and quarantine practices. Broadly, the suggestions pertaining to the personal and community hygiene including bereavement practices, isolation and quarantine of suspected pathogen carriers, and water and environment security have been made to invoke a constructive debate and discussion among various stakeholders for their evaluation and implementation to effectively delay the development of antimicrobial resistance wherever possible and disrupt its spread to pathogens.

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When do big problems far away become smaller than the problems closer to home: Lessons for antimicrobial resistance from Father Ted

10.1101/544593 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Tjibbe Donker ◽

Katie L. Hopkins ◽

Susan Hopkins ◽

Berit Muller-Pebody ◽

Tim E.A. Peto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Control Strategy ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Absolute Number ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Admission Screening ◽

Imported Cases ◽

And Control

AbstractInfection prevention and control strategies aimed at reducing the occurrence of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) and other antimicrobial-resistant organisms often include advice about screening patients coming from hospitals with a known resistance problem, to prevent introductions into new hospitals by shared patients. We argue that, despite being an efficient method of identifying cases, admission screening for introduction prevention is only effective if the absolute number of imported cases from other hospitals outnumbers the cases coming from the hospital’s own patient population, and therefore is only a feasible control strategy during the start of an epidemic. When determining whether import screening is still advisable, we therefore need to be continuously reminded of how Father Ted so eloquently summarised the principles of perspective: “These are small, but the ones out there are far away”.

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Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Surveillance, Prevention and Control: A Global Survey

10.1101/2021.03.24.21253807 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sara Tomczyk ◽

Angelina Taylor ◽

Allison Brown ◽

Marlieke de Kraker ◽

Tim Eckmanns ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Chronically Ill ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Health Staff ◽

Antibiotic Prescribing ◽

Free Text ◽

Middle Income ◽

Substantial Impact ◽

And Control

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on health systems. The WHO Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Collaborating Centres Network conducted a survey to assess the effects of COVID-19 on AMR surveillance, prevention and control. Methods From October-December 2020, WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) national focal points completed a questionnaire including Likert-scales and open-ended questions. Data were descriptively analysed, income/regional differences were assessed, and free-text questions were thematically analysed. Results Seventy-three countries across income levels participated. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 67% reported limited ability to work with AMR partnerships; decreases in funding were frequently reported by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs; p<0.01). Reduced availability of nursing, medical and public health staff for AMR was reported by 71%, 69% and 64%, respectively, whereas 67% reported stable cleaning staff availability. The majority (58%) reported reduced reagents/consumables, particularly LMICs (p<0.01). Decreased numbers of cultures, elective procedures, chronically ill admissions and outpatients and increased intensive care unit admissions reported could bias AMR data. Reported overall infection prevention and control (IPC) improvement could decrease AMR rates, whereas increases in selected inappropriate IPC practices and antibiotic prescribing could increase rates. Most did not yet have complete data on changing AMR rates due to COVID-19. Conclusions This was the first survey to explore the global impact of COVID-19 on AMR among GLASS countries. Responses revealed universal patterns but also captured country variability. Although focus is understandably on COVID-19, gains in detecting and controlling AMR, a global health priority, cannot afford to be lost.

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AURES – the first Austrian report on antimicrobial resistance – perspective of the human sector

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.12.50.03329-en ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (50) ◽

Author(s):

R Strauss ◽

R Muchl ◽

S Metz-Gercek ◽

M Sagl ◽

F Allerberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Disease Prevention ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

European Centre ◽

The Future ◽

And Control

The first epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe published by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) identified antibiotic resistance and nosocomial infections as one of the major threats in public health in the future.

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ECDC recruiting scientific experts

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.12.51.03338-en ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (51) ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Disease Prevention ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Healthcare Associated Infections ◽

European Centre ◽

Scientific Experts ◽

Surveillance Unit ◽

Healthcare Associated ◽

And Control

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) is inviting applications for the position of: Senior Expert for Respiratory Diseases in the Surveillance Unit Expert in Surveillance Unit – Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-associated Infections

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Integrated surveillance and potential sources of Salmonella Enteritidis in human cases in Canada from 2003 to 2009

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268811002548 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 140 (10) ◽

pp. 1757-1772 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

A. NESBITT ◽

A. RAVEL ◽

R. MURRAY ◽

R. McCORMICK ◽

C. SAVELLI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

International Travel ◽

Phage Types ◽

Threefold Increase ◽

Potential Sources ◽

Human Salmonellosis ◽

Recent Trends ◽

And Control

SUMMARYSalmonella Enteritidis has emerged as the most prevalent cause of human salmonellosis in Canada. Recent trends of S. Enteritidis subtypes and their potential sources were described by integrating Salmonella data from several Canadian surveillance and monitoring programmes. A threefold increase in S. Enteritidis cases from 2003 to 2009 was identified to be primarily associated with phage types 13, 8 and 13a. Other common phage types (4, 1, 6a) showed winter seasonality and were more likely to be associated with cases linked to international travel. Conversely, phage types 13, 8 and 13a had summer seasonal peaks and were associated with cases of domestically acquired infections. During agri-food surveillance, S. Enteritidis was detected in various commodities, most frequently in chicken (with PT13, PT8 and PT13a predominating). Antimicrobial resistance was low in human and non-human isolates. Continued integrated surveillance and collaborative prevention and control efforts are required to mitigate future illness.

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