The red-beard evolutionary explanation of human sociality

AbstractRecent evolutionary studies on cooperation devote specific attention to non-verbal expressions of emotions. In this paper, I examine Robert Frank’s popular attempt to explain emotions, non-verbal markers and social behaviours. Following this line of work, I focus on the green-beard explanation of social behaviours. In response to the criticisms raised against this controversial ultimate explanation, based on resources found in Frank’s work, I propose an alternative red-beard explanation of human sociality. The red-beard explanation explains the emergence and evolution of emotions, a proximate cause, rather than patterns of behaviour. In contrast to simple evolutionary models that invoke a green-beard mechanism, I demonstrate that the red-beard explanation can be evolutionary stable. Social emotions are a common cause of a social behaviour and a phenotypic marker and therefore cooperative behaviour cannot be suppressed without also changing the marker.

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The Remarkable Evolution of the Post-Agb Star FG SGE

Highlights of Astronomy ◽

10.1017/s1539299600021134 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 363-363

Author(s):

Johanna Jurcsik ◽

Benjamin Montesinos

Keyword(s):

Time Scales ◽

Effective Temperature ◽

Planetary Nebula ◽

Planetary Nebulae ◽

Central Star ◽

Evolutionary Models ◽

Single Star ◽

Line Intensities ◽

Evolutionary Changes ◽

Evolutionary Studies

FG Sagittae is one of the most important key objects of post-AGB stellar evolutionary studies. As a consequence of a final helium shell flash, this unique variable has shown real evolutionary changes on human time scales during this century. The observational history was reviewed in comparison with predictions from evolutionary models. The central star of the old planetary nebula (Hel-5) evolved from left to right in the HR diagram, going in just hundred years from the hot region of exciting sources of planetary nebulae to the cool red supergiant domain just before our eyes becoming a newly-born post-AGB star. The effective temperature of the star was around 50,000 K at the beginning of this century, and the last estimates in the late 1980s give 5,000-6,500 K. Recent spectroscopic observations obtained by Ingemar Lundström show definite changes in the nebular line intensities. This fact undoubtedly rules out the possibility that, instead of FG Sge, a hidden hot object would be the true central star of the nebula. Consequently, the observed evolutionary changes are connected with the evolution of a single star.

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Analysis of a Common Cause Hypothesis in a Forensic Product Defect Analysis

Engineering/Technology Management: Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis, Technology and Society, Engineering Business Management ◽

10.1115/imece2004-59566 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

James V. Carnahan ◽

Roland L. Ruhl ◽

Mark G. Strauss ◽

Laura R. Genson

Keyword(s):

Federal Court ◽

Forensic Analysis ◽

Defect Analysis ◽

Legal Requirements ◽

Common Cause ◽

Proximate Cause ◽

Case Examples ◽

Failure Distribution ◽

Product Defect ◽

Legal Meaning

Forensic analysis of an accident involving machinery or equipment requires the engineering investigator to determine what role the equipment played in the accident. That analysis involves consideration of “defect” and “proximate cause,” items that have very specific legal meaning. The authors will discuss legal requirements relating to the investigator’s role in product defect analysis and will provide examples of scientific methodology deemed admissible in Federal Court. Two case examples are given where a reliability analysis based on the Weibull failure distribution was used to support, in part, the expert’s conclusions.

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An Evolutionary Explanation for Change in Religious Institutions

European Journal for Philosophy of Religion ◽

10.24204/ejpr.v12i3.3407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Andrea Lavazza

Keyword(s):

Philosophy Of Religion ◽

Biological Evolution ◽

Time Frame ◽

Evolutionary Explanation ◽

Religious Institutions ◽

Limited Time ◽

Evolutionary Models ◽

Culture Model ◽

The Individual ◽

Theology And Philosophy

Many attempts have been made to explain the rise of religious phenomena based on evolutionary models, which attempt to account for the way in which religion can constitute a useful system to increase the fitness of both the individual and the group. These models implicitly mean that beliefs are simply effective adaptations to the environment and in this sense they cannot be truly accepted by those who adhere to the religions in question. In this paper, I use the evolution of culture model elaborated by Cavalli Sforza to propose an approach that can explain the change of institutionalized religions over a more limited time frame than the long times of biological evolution. This model could be heuristically effective in the study of religious phenomena and could also be applicable in terms of theology and philosophy of religion. Given the limits of space, I will only try to take a few steps in this direction, trying to answer some of the major questions that arise about such an approach. In particular, one may ask whether, unlike others, the evolution of culture model applied to religions can make it possible to put into brackets - or to remain agnostic about - the value and the truth of the beliefs and precepts of the religion which is studied.

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Archaea: The First Domain of Diversified Life

Archaea ◽

10.1155/2014/590214 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Gustavo Caetano-Anollés ◽

Arshan Nasir ◽

Kaiyue Zhou ◽

Derek Caetano-Anollés ◽

Jay E. Mittenthal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Signal ◽

Tree Of Life ◽

Early History ◽

Process Models ◽

Evolutionary Models ◽

Tree Reconstruction ◽

Evolutionary Studies ◽

History Of ◽

Phylogenetic Framework ◽

Conceptual Difficulties

The study of the origin of diversified life has been plagued by technical and conceptual difficulties, controversy, and apriorism. It is now popularly accepted that the universal tree of life is rooted in the akaryotes and that Archaea and Eukarya are sister groups to each other. However, evolutionary studies have overwhelmingly focused on nucleic acid and protein sequences, which partially fulfill only two of the three main steps of phylogenetic analysis, formulation of realistic evolutionary models, and optimization of tree reconstruction. In the absence of character polarization, that is, the ability to identify ancestral and derived character states, any statement about the rooting of the tree of life should be considered suspect. Here we show that macromolecular structure and a new phylogenetic framework of analysis that focuses on the parts of biological systems instead of the whole provide both deep and reliable phylogenetic signal and enable us to put forth hypotheses of origin. We review over a decade of phylogenomic studies, which mine information in a genomic census of millions of encoded proteins and RNAs. We show how the use of process models of molecular accumulation that comply with Weston’s generality criterion supports a consistent phylogenomic scenario in which the origin of diversified life can be traced back to the early history of Archaea.

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Diversity and relationships among Turkish okra germplasm by SRAP and phenotypic marker polymorphism

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-007-0010-y ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Osman Gulsen ◽

Suleyman Karagul ◽

Kazim Abak

Keyword(s):

Linkage Mapping ◽

Group Method ◽

Germplasm Characterization ◽

Phenotypic Marker ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Phenotypic Markers ◽

Arithmetic Average ◽

Pair Group ◽

Evolutionary Studies ◽

Mean Similarity

AbstractGermplasm characterization is essential and molecular markers provide valuable information for breeding programs. Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and phenotypic markers were studied to determine diversity and relationships among 23 okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) genotypes. The 39 combinations of forward and reverse SRAP primers were used to evaluate the 21 Turkish and two randomly selected USA genotypes as outgroups, and produced 97 scorable markers, of which 50% was polymorphic for all 23 genotypes. Seventeen out of the 23 genotypes (74%) were distinguished from each other with mean similarity of 0.93. As to phenotypic markers, 33 heritable traits were evaluated in field with ten replications, 28 of them (85%) were found to be polymorphic. The UPGMA (unweighted-pair group method arithmetic average) dendrogram based on the 33 phenotypic markers distinguished all genotypes, but failed to detect any geographic association of okra genotypes, being consistent with previous study. It can be concluded that SRAP markers are useful for studying diversity and relationships among okra germplasm, and have potential in marker-aided selection, linkage mapping, and evolutionary studies.

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The subjective nature of Linnaean categories and its impact in evolutionary biology and biodiversity studies

Contributions to Zoology ◽

10.1163/18759866-07904001 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 79 (4) ◽

pp. 131-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Michel Laurin

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Biology ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Evolutionary Models ◽

Biodiversity Assessment ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Sampling Schemes ◽

Higher Taxa ◽

Evolutionary Studies ◽

Continued Use ◽

Phylogenetic Nomenclature

Absolute (Linnaean) ranks are essential to rank-based nomenclature (RN), which has been used by the vast majority of systematists for the last 150 years. They are widely recognized as being subjective among taxonomists, but not necessarily in other fields. For this reason, phylogenetic nomenclature (PN) and other alternative nomenclatural systems have been developed. However, reluctance to accept alternative nomenclatural systems and continued use of higher taxa of a given Linnaean category in comparative analyses presumably reflect a lack of appreciation of the deleterious effects of the subjective nature of Linnaean categories in other biological fields, such as conservation and evolutionary biology. To make that point clearer, evolutionary models under which such categories would be natural are presented and are shown to be highly unrealistic and to lack empirical support. Under all realistic evolutionary models, ranking of taxa into Linnaean categories is highly subjective. Solutions that could make taxonomic ranks objective are surveyed. A review of the literature illustrates two problems created by the use of Linnaean categories in comparative or evolutionary studies, namely suboptimal taxonomic sampling schemes in studies of character evolution, and unreliable biodiversity assessment drawn on the basis of counting higher taxa (taxon surrogacy).

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An evolutionary model identifies the main selective pressures for the evolution of genome-replication profiles

10.1101/2020.08.20.259416 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rossana Droghetti ◽

Nicolas Agier ◽

Gilles Fischer ◽

Marco Gherardi ◽

Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino

Keyword(s):

Yeast Species ◽

Evolutionary Model ◽

Replication Timing ◽

Death Process ◽

Genome Replication ◽

Replication Forks ◽

Evolutionary Models ◽

Replication Origins ◽

Selective Pressures ◽

Evolutionary Studies

AbstractRecent results comparing the temporal program of genome replication of yeast species belonging to the Lachancea clade support the scenario that the evolution of replication timing program could be mainly driven by correlated acquisition and loss events of active replication origins. Using these results as a benchmark, we develop an evolutionary model defined as birth-death process for replication origins, and use it to identify the selective pressures that shape the replication timing profiles. Comparing different evolutionary models with data, we find that replication origin birth and death events are mainly driven by two evolutionary pressures, the first imposes that events leading to higher double-stall probability of replication forks are penalized, while the second makes less efficient origins more prone to evolutionary loss. This analysis provides an empirically grounded predictive framework for quantitative evolutionary studies of the replication timing program.

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An evolutionary model identifies the main evolutionary biases for the evolution of genome-replication profiles

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.63542 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Rossana Droghetti ◽

Nicolas Agier ◽

Gilles Fischer ◽

Marco Gherardi ◽

Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino

Keyword(s):

Replication Origin ◽

Yeast Species ◽

Evolutionary Model ◽

Replication Timing ◽

Death Process ◽

Genome Replication ◽

Replication Forks ◽

Evolutionary Models ◽

Replication Origins ◽

Evolutionary Studies

Recent results comparing the temporal program of genome replication of yeast species belonging to the Lachancea clade support the scenario that the evolution of replication timing program could be mainly driven by correlated acquisition and loss events of active replication origins. Using these results as a benchmark, we develop an evolutionary model defined as birth-death process for replication origins, and use it to identify the evolutionary biases that shape the replication timing profiles. Comparing different evolutionary models with data, we find that replication origin birth and death events are mainly driven by two evolutionary pressures, the first imposes that events leading to higher double-stall probability of replication forks are penalized, while the second makes less efficient origins more prone to evolutionary loss. This analysis provides an empirically grounded predictive framework for quantitative evolutionary studies of the replication timing program.

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