Analysis of a Common Cause Hypothesis in a Forensic Product Defect Analysis

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
James V. Carnahan ◽  
Roland L. Ruhl ◽  
Mark G. Strauss ◽  
Laura R. Genson
Keyword(s):  
Federal Court ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Defect Analysis ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Failure Distribution ◽  
Product Defect ◽  
Legal Meaning

Forensic analysis of an accident involving machinery or equipment requires the engineering investigator to determine what role the equipment played in the accident. That analysis involves consideration of “defect” and “proximate cause,” items that have very specific legal meaning. The authors will discuss legal requirements relating to the investigator’s role in product defect analysis and will provide examples of scientific methodology deemed admissible in Federal Court. Two case examples are given where a reliability analysis based on the Weibull failure distribution was used to support, in part, the expert’s conclusions.

scholarly journals Official loyalty as the factor of official activity: administratively-legal and phenomenological approaches

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Gornostaev
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Behavioral Integration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Official Status

The article discusses the administrative-legal and phenomenological approaches to understanding the official loyalty. Official loyalty is being considered under the administrative-legal approach as adherence to formal official duty, which is a system of obligations, taken together with official status, the source of which are: normative base of service activity, legal requirements of the head and public interests. Lists of the limitations of administrative-legal approach to understanding the of official loyalty: weak underdeveloped concept, the failure to take into account the wide range of situations, operation with a models rather than actual processes. Discusses the advantages of the phenomenological approach in studying the performance of loyalty: its psychological advantages, the existence of a theoretical framework, the work with the real phenomena. Within the phenomenological approach official loyalty is defined as psychological-behavioral integration of the employee in the group operating in the service sector, on the basis of a common cause of activities. Possibilities of sharing of the considered approaches for the decision of problems of optimization of official activity are designated.

scholarly journals FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF BURN CASES AT PMCH WITH FEMALE CONTEXT

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Poonam Singh ◽  
Pankaj Kumar* ◽  
Sohan Prasad Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Radiation Chemical ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Critical Public Health ◽  
Flame Burn

Burns of skin or other tissue are caused by re, radiant heat, radiation, chemical, or electrical contact. Burns are a critical public health problem, causing deaths, disability and disgurement. Most of the victims belonged to lower middle class and Hindu in religion, married, housewives, affected more commonly from urban area. Most common victims are female & belonged to Age group 20–40 years .Most of the victims was married since more than 7 years. This study denotes that most of the victims, suffer maximum in months of October to November usually in morning time Flame burn were most common cause of burns, followed by kerosene .Most of the victims affected by burns by an Accident, followed by suspicious mode .Most of the victims sustained 51–100% burns over body surface area & survived for period of 2–7 days , while Septicemia were most common cause of death

3. Crime scene management and forensic investigation

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Jim Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Crime Scene ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Forensic Investigation ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Scene Management

‘Crime scene management and forensic investigation’ shows how the actions of investigating officers at a crime scene can affect the availability and efficacy of forensic tests later in the investigation. The purpose of crime scene management is to control, preserve, record, and recover evidence and intelligence from the scene of an incident in accordance with legal requirements and to appropriate professional and ethical standards. Any items removed from a scene by investigators must be packaged and labelled correctly to prevent contamination and minimize damage. Once forensic analysis begins, it is essential to consider the investigative implications of actions and decisions. It is sometimes more effective, quicker, or convenient to bring the specialist to the crime scene.

scholarly journals Business Intelligence for Product Defect Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 598 ◽  
pp. 012117
Author(s):  
A S Girsang ◽  
S M Isa ◽  
A L Haris ◽  
Arwan ◽  
K Mandagie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Intelligence ◽  
Defect Analysis ◽  
Product Defect

scholarly journals Lipid Oxidation In Oil-In-Water Emulsions: A Mini Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Haryani Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion ◽  
Stability Of Emulsion

Emulsion technology has been emerged into food industries widely. Researches in emulsion and its application have been done intensively particularly to understand emulsion behavior in relation to its stability. Stability of emulsion indicates stability of food products therefore attempt to identify the causes of instability increases. This mini review underlines lipid oxidation in oil in water emulsion including emulsion definition, factors involved in determining the rate of lipid oxidation, common cause of oxidative instability and some case examples of lipid oxidation in emulsion. 

Forensic Analysis of Belt Use Evidence in Rollover Crashes: A Methodology

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Meyer ◽  
Davis A. Hock ◽  
Arin A. Oliver ◽  
Brian R. Herbst
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Restraint System ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
National Highway Traffic Safety ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Multiple Impact

Recent advances in occupant protection systems have brought many new restraint technologies into our motor vehicles. These technologies include belt integrated restraints, various types of load limiters, webclamping devices and pretentioners. Additionally, recent developments in predictive roll sensor technologies have led to an increased use of rollover activated side curtain type airbags and rollover activated pretensioners. Moreover, recent upgrades and research by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) on the roof crush resistance standard, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 216, as well as developing an ejection mitigation standard (FMVSS 226) will likely lead to an increased focus on restraint system performance in rollovers. Post crash analysis of various restraint system components is oftentimes necessary for evaluation of a particular restraint system’s use and performance in a given crash circumstance. With the addition of these new technologies, together with an increased frequency of rollover crashes seen in the last many years, specific techniques, protocols and methodologies for evaluating belt use evidence in these multiple impact, often times chaotic, rollover events is necessary. The subject paper reviews previous work regarding analysis of belt use evidence and expands upon those studies to include specific consideration of the current restraint system technologies and how they affect the forensic evidence left behind after a rollover crash. Real-world case examples and a systematic methodology for analysis of belt evidence in rollover crashes is presented along with photographic examples and laboratory supported quantification of associated belt loads.

scholarly journals Forensic Analysis of Umbilical and Newborn Blood Gas Values for Infants at Risk of Cerebral Palsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1676
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Clinical Education ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Forensic Assessment ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Etiologic Factor ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Case Examples

Cerebral palsy litigation cases account for the highest claims involving obstetricians/gynecologists, a specialty that ranks among the highest liability medical professions. Although epidemiologic studies indicate that only a small proportion of cerebral palsy (10–20%) is due to birth asphyxia, negligent obstetrical care is often alleged to be the etiologic factor, resulting in contentious medical-legal conflicts. Defense and plaintiff expert opinions regarding the etiology and timing of injury are often polarized, as there is a lack of established methodology for analysis. The objective results provided by umbilical cord and newborn acid/base and blood gas values and the established association with the incidence of cerebral palsy provide a basis for the forensic assessment of both the mechanism and timing of fetal neurologic injury. Using established physiologic and biochemical principles, a series of case examples demonstrates how an unbiased expert assessment can aid in both conflict resolution and opportunities for clinical education.

scholarly journals The red-beard evolutionary explanation of human sociality

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaios Koliofotis
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Phenotypic Marker ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Ultimate Explanation ◽  
Evolutionary Studies ◽  
Social Behaviours

AbstractRecent evolutionary studies on cooperation devote specific attention to non-verbal expressions of emotions. In this paper, I examine Robert Frank’s popular attempt to explain emotions, non-verbal markers and social behaviours. Following this line of work, I focus on the green-beard explanation of social behaviours. In response to the criticisms raised against this controversial ultimate explanation, based on resources found in Frank’s work, I propose an alternative red-beard explanation of human sociality. The red-beard explanation explains the emergence and evolution of emotions, a proximate cause, rather than patterns of behaviour. In contrast to simple evolutionary models that invoke a green-beard mechanism, I demonstrate that the red-beard explanation can be evolutionary stable. Social emotions are a common cause of a social behaviour and a phenotypic marker and therefore cooperative behaviour cannot be suppressed without also changing the marker.

Application Of Electron Microscopy To Automotive Finish Defect Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
Martin J. Mahon ◽  
Patrick W. Keating ◽  
John T. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Defect Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Cutting Out ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Automotive Finish

Coatings are applied to appliances, instruments and automobiles for a variety of reasons including corrosion protection and enhancement of market value. Automobile finishes are a highly complex blend of polymeric materials which have a definite impact on the eventual ability of a car to sell. Consumers report that the gloss of the finish is one of the major items they look for in an automobile.With the finish being such an important part of the automobile, there is a zero tolerance for paint defects by auto assembly plant management. Owing to the increased complexity of the paint matrix and its inability to be “forgiving” when foreign materials are introduced into a newly applied finish, the analysis of paint defects has taken on unparalleled importance. Scanning electron microscopy with its attendant x-ray analysis capability is the premier method of examining defects and attempting to identify their root cause.Defects are normally examined by cutting out a coupon sized portion of the autobody and viewing in an SEM at various angles.

Forensic applications of IR infrared microscopic internal reflection spectroscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1528-1529
Author(s):  
Edward G. Bartick ◽  
John A. Reffner
Keyword(s):  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Internal Reflection ◽  
Standard Size ◽  
Ir Microscopy ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Plastic Explosives ◽  
Internal Reflection Spectroscopy ◽  
Reflectance Measurements

Since the introduction of commercial Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopic systems in 1983, IR microscopy has developed as an important analytical tool in research, industry and forensic analysis. Because of the frequent encounter of small quantities of physical evidence found at crime scenes, spectroscopic IR microscopes have proven particularly valuable for forensic applications. Transmittance and reflectance measurements have proven very useful. Reflection-absorption, specular reflection, and diffuse reflection have all been applied. However, it has been only very recently that an internal reflection (IRS) objective has been commercially introduced.The IRS method, also known as attenuated total reflection (ATR), has proven very useful for IR analysis of standard size samples. The method has been applied to adhesive tapes, plastic explosives, and general applications in the analysis of opaque materials found as evidence. The small quantities or uncontaminated areas of specimens frequently found requiring forensic analysis will often be directly applicable to microscopic IRS analysis.

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